Chippewa Lake: A Community in Search of an Identity

Notes

187 Notes iNTRODUCTiON 1. a. Gunder Frank, “Development of Underdevelopment in Latin america: Underdevelopment or Revolution” in Latin America: Underdevelopment or Revolution (New York: Monthly Review press, 1969). 2. immanuel wallerstein, The Modern World System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the EuropeanWorld Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York: academic press, 1974). 3. alice O’Connor, “Modernization and the Rural poor: Some Lessons from history,” in Rural Poverty in America, ed. Cynthia Duncan (New York: auburn house, 1992), 215–16. 4. Diane k. McLaughlin, “Changing income inequality in Nonmetropolitan Counties, 1980–1990,” Rural Sociology 67, no. 4 (December 2002): 514–15. 5. Sherry Ortner, “Theory in anthropology since the Sixties,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 26 (1984): 126–66; Rural Sociological Society Task Force on persistent Rural poverty, Persistent Poverty in Rural America (PPRA) (Boulder, CO: westview press, 1993); enzo Mingione, Fragmented Societies: A Sociology of Economic Life beyond the Market Paradigm, translated by paul Goodrich (Cambridge, Ma: Basil Blackwell Ltd., 1991). 6. Rural Sociological Society, Persistent Poverty in Rural America, 95–96. 7. Sonya Salamon, Prairie Patrimony: Family, Farming, and Community in the Midwest (Chapel hill: University of North Carolina press, 1992); Sonya Salamon, “From hometown to Nontown: Rural Community effects of Suburbanization ,” Rural Sociology 68, no. 1 (2003): 1–24. 8. Salamon, Prairie Patrimony, 226–28. 9. Salamon, “From hometown to Nontown,” 8. 10. ibid.; Janet M. Fitchen, Endangered Spaces, Enduring Places: Culture, Identity , and Survival in Rural America (Boulder, CO: westview press, 1991), 254. 11. Salamon, Prairie Patrimony, 226–28. 12. Salamon, “From hometown to Nontown,” 4–5. 13. Fitchen, Endangered Spaces, Enduring Places, 253. 14. ibid., 254–56. 188| Notes to Chapter 1 15. Fitchen, Endangered Spaces, Enduring Places; Janet M. Fitchen, Poverty in Rural America: A Case Study (prospect heights, iL: waveland press, 1995); Laura B. DeLind, “Close encounters with a CSa: The Reflections of a Bruised and Somewhat wiser anthropologist,” Agriculture and Human Values 16 (1999): 3–9. ChapTeR 1. The GeOGRaphY aND iNDiGeNOUS peOpLe OF MeCOSTa COUNTY 1. Mecosta Conservation District, Mecosta Conservation District Resource Assessment and Implementation Plan, 2001 (east Lansing, Mi: Michigan Conservation Districts, 2001) [hereafter MCDRa], 3. 2. ibid., 2. 3. Chippewa Lake Community and Environment Assessment (Big Rapids, Mi: environmental Management Studies Center, Ferris State University) [hereafter CLCea], 16. 4. MCDRa, 3. 5. ibid., 1. 6. CLCea, 13. 7. MCDRa, 1. 8. Chippewa Lake Community and Environmental Assessment, 14, 16. 9. MCDRa, 3. 10. i use the term “Ottawa” instead of the alternative term “Odawa” for this group as it is the term employed in the historical documents and the term used in the major ethnographic source used in this chapter: James Clifton, George Cornell, and James McClurken, People of the Three Fires: The Ottawa, Potawatomi, and Ojibway of Michigan (Grand Rapids, Mi: Grand Rapids inter-Tribal Council, 1986). 11. wilbert B. hinsdale, Archaeological Atlas of Michigan (ann arbor: University of Michigan press, 1931), maps 7 and 8. 12. George Cornell, “introduction,” in Clifton et al., People of the Three Fires, iii, iv. 13. ibid., iv. 14. ibid., v. 15. James McClurken, “Ottawa,” in Clifton et al., People of the Three Fires, 3. 16. ibid., 8–11. 17. ibid., 11–12; James Clifton, “potawatomi,” in Clifton et al., People of the Three Fires, 70. For Ottawa history, see www.tolatsga.org/otta.html. Notes to Chapter 1| 189 18. McClurken, “Ottawa,” in Clifton et al., People of the Three Fires, 13–17. 19. ibid., 16. 20. ibid., 18–19. 21. ibid., 19. 22. ibid., 20–21. 23. ibid., 22–26. 24. information for this section obtained from the document “Treaty with the Ottawa, etc., March 28, 1836” at www.1836cora.org/documents/1836march 28treaty.pdf. 25. James M. McClurken, “Ottawa,” in Clifton et al., People of the Three Fires, 29. 26. ibid., 30–31. 27. ibid., 31–32. 28. information for this section obtained from the document “Treaty with the Ottawa and Chippewa, July 31, 1855” at digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/ vol2/treaties/ott0725.htm. 29. National archives and Records administration [hereafter NaRa], Letter to Commissioner, dated ionia, Michigan, august 29, 1855, and signed by eleven members of the Ottawa delegation, NaRa-DC, RG49, indian Reserve Files, entry 29, box 7, august 29, 1855. 30. National archives Microform [hereafter NaM], Letter and amendments sent to George Manypenny, dated November 24, 1855, and signed by henry C. Gilbert, indian agent, NaM M234 R.404, 815...