101 Index A agriculture. See farms and farming Åland Islands, Finland, 1, 35–36, 63, 78, 83 Amasa, Michigan, 26, 33, 49 auto industry, 40–41, 81 B Back, Gunnar, 27 benefit societies, 34, 38, 47–48 Bessemer, Michigan, 26, 33, 47–48, 63 Blomquist, John, 32 Borg, Anders, 16, 42 Bostrom, Ida, 81 Bremer, Fredrika, 10, 15 Brevort, Michigan, 26, 34–38, 59, 63, 71 C Calumet, Michigan, 16, 26, 48 Carlson, Clayton, 30, 69 carpentry, 40–41, 56–57 Cedarville, Michigan, 26, 34–35, 59 Chicago, Illinois, 10, 15–16, 30, 42–43, 64 children: born in America, 6; in Bessemer , 33; in Detroit, 40; in Deward, 56; in Felch, 32; in Gladstone, 29; in Ludington, 42–43, 61, 85; in Mackinac County, 83; in Metropolitan, 31; in Newaygo, 44, 66; in Oscoda Township, 41; in Oskar, 34; in White Cloud, 44 churches: Baptist, 29, 34, 64–65, 68–69; Congregational, 33, 64–65, 69; Covenant , 64, 68; Cornell, Michigan, 26–27, 29, 69–70. See also Lutheran Church Crystal Falls, Michigan, 17, 26, 32–33, 47–49, 64 102 Mika R oinila D dance halls and dancing, 42–44, 50 Delta County, 24, 26–27, 29, 71 Detroit, Michigan, 15, 39–40, 56, 84 Deward, Michigan, 38, 54–56 Dickinson County, 22, 24–27, 31, 71 Dollar Bay, Michigan, 17, 26, 33–34, 48–52, 54, 61, 63–64 E East Tawas, Michigan, 38, 40–41 Eliasson, Oskar, 34 Escanaba, Michigan, 17, 26–27, 30–31, 48–49, 59, 64, 70 Esselström, Matts, 64 F farms and farming: in Cornell Township , 69–70; in Delta County, 27, 29–30; in Dickinson County, 22, 32; in Houghton County, 51; in Iosco County, 41; in Iron County, 32; in Kent County, 41; in Mackinac County, 36, 83; in Mason County, 16; in Metropolitan, 32; 56; in Midwest, 10; in Muskegon County, 39; in Newaygo County, 43-44, 66; on West Coast, 11 Felch Village, Michigan, 32, 49, 64 Felch-Metropolitan, Michigan, 17, 22, 26, 31 Finland-Swedes: in Canada, 13; difficulty in identifying, 4; in Finland, 5; identity as, 1; reasons for emigrating , 6–8; settlement in America, 8–12; in the United States, 7, 12 Finland-Swedish community, 8, 44, 69 Finland-Swedish mayor, 84 Finn Town, 42, 59, 85 Finns, 6–8, 15–16, 40, 51, 64–65, 68, 71 Finska Missionposten, 64 fishing: in Brevort, 35–37, 59; in Cedarville, 59; in Escanaba, 59; in Grand Marais, 59; in Hessel, 59; on Isle Royale, 59; in Ludington, 16, 42–43, 56, 59, 85; in Manistee, 56; in Midwest, 10; on Minnesota North Shore, 59; in Munising, 59; in Muskegon , 59; in Ontonagon, 56, 59; in Oscoda, 41; in Portage Entry, 34; in St. Ignace, 59; on West Coast, 11 Forstrom, Matts, 44 furniture industry, 9, 41–42 G Gladstone, Michigan, 17, 26–27, 29, 48–49, 64 Gogebic County, 22, 24, 26, 33 Grand Rapids, Michigan: apple orchards in, 66; early church life in, 60–61; early destination for FinlandSwedes , 41–42; and first Finnish Baptist preacher, 64; pastoral work in, 68; and railway lines, 44; settlement of Finland-Swedes in, 38; work on water pipeline in, 85 Groop, Charles, 27 Gullans, Peter, 27 Gustafson, Charles E., 35 Gustafson, Ernest G., 37 F INL AND-SWEDES IN MICHI GAN 103 H Haglund, Alex, 41 Hancock, Michigan, 16, 26, 34, 49 Hassell, Anders, 41 Hessel, Michigan, 34, 59 Houghton County, 15, 17, 22, 24, 26–27, 33–34, 71 I immigration: to Michigan, 15–25; to the United States, 3–13 Iosco County, 38–41 Iron County, 22, 24, 26, 32–33 Iron River, Michigan, 26, 32–33 Ironwood, Michigan: Congregational Church, 65; Covenant congregation , 68; Finland-Swedish settlement in, 17, 26; mines in, 33, 55–56; temperance and benefit societies in, 47–49, 52–53; work experience in, 31; Zion Lutheran Church, 63 Ironwood News Record, 33 J Johnson, Carl O., 33 Johnson, Charles Evert, 84, 85 Johnson, Charles J., 43 Johnson, Frank, 43, 84–85 Johnson, Gabriel, 39 Johnson, Ted, 66–68 Johnson, Victor, 39 K Kalm, Pehr, 9–10 Kent County, 38–39, 41 Keweenaw County, 15, 26, 71 L laborers, 36, 40–41, 43, 51 Lake Huron, 15, 40, 59 Lake Michigan: early travels on, 15; fishing on, 37, 42, 56, 59, 85; settlement on eastern shore of, 39; settlement on north shore of, 35 Lake Superior, 56, 59 Ledstjärnan, 49–50, 51 logging. See lumbering Lower Peninsula, 22, 26, 38...