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87 Notes 1. Reino Kero, Migration from Finland to North America in the Years between the United States Civil War and the First World War (Turku, Finland: Institute of Migration, 1974), 27. 2. Ibid., 34. 3. Ibid., 36. 4. Armas Holmio, History of the Finns in Michigan, trans. Ellen Ryynanen (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2001), 406. 5. Jouni Korkiasaari, Suomalaiset Maailmalla (Turku, Finland: Institute of Migration , 1989), 23–24. 6. Tom Sandlund, “Patterns and Reasons in the Emigration of Swedish Finns,” in Finnish Diaspora I, ed. Michael Karni (Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario, 1981). Carl Silversten believed that in 1930 “some 76,000 Swedish Finns [lived] in this country” (Finlandssvenskarna i Amerika [Duluth: Interstate Printing Company, 1931]). Holmio disputed this number as being an “exaggeration” (Holmio, History of the Finns in Michigan, 406). 7. Vern Mattson, History of the Order of Runeberg (Portland: International Order of Runeberg, 1977), 6. 8. Ancestry.com is the largest for-profit genealogy company in the world and runs a network of genealogy and family-related websites. For more information, see http://www.ancestry.com. HeritageQuest Online is a comprehensive treasury 88 Mika R oinila of American genealogical sources—rich in unique primary sources, local and family histories, and aids for finding family members. For more information, see http://www.proquest.com/en-US/catalogs/databases/detail/heritagequest. shtml. 9. Steven Ruggles, J. Trent Alexander, Katie Genadek, Ronald Goeken, Matthew B. Schroeder, and Matthew Sobek, Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 5.0 [Machine-readable database] (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2010), http://usa.ipums.org/usa/. 10. Mika Roinila, “New Information on Finnish Americans,” AASSC Newsletter (Association for the Advancement of Scandinavian Studies in Canada), no. 57 (November 2009): 7. 11. Hans Norman and Harald Runblom, Transatlantic Connections: Nordic Migration to the New World after 1800 (Oslo: Norwegian University Press, 1988) and Eino Jutikkala, A History of Finland (New York: Praeger, 1962). 12. Correspondence with Dr. Margaret Gustafson, Ludington, Mich., February 11, 2010. 13. Helge Nelson, The Swedes and Swedish Settlement in North America, 2 Parts (Lund: University of Lund, 1943), Part I: 73, and Heikki Yli-Kangas, “Ostrobothnia in Finnish History,” in Finland: People-Nation-State, ed. Max Engman and David Kirby (London: Hurst and Co., 1989), 73–84. 14. Mika Roinila, Finland-Swedes in Canada: Migration, Settlement and Ethnic Relations (Turku, Finland: Institute of Migration, 2000), 65, and Reino Kero, Migration from Finland to North America in the Years between the United States Civil War and the First World War (Turku, Finland: Institute of Migration, 1974), 63–65. 15. Kenneth McRae, “Finland: Marginal Case of Bicommunalism?” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 18 (Spring 1988): 91–100. 16. The Finland-Swedes of Ludington lived in Finn Town in the late 1800s and identified themselves as being Finnish, although they were clearly FinlandSwedes . Another example of this interethnic association was the attempt to start the Finnish Baptist Church in Chicago and the joint publication of Finska Missionposten in both languages. This effort failed and the Swedish language became dominant. The name of the church was changed to reflect this as well. For more, see Baptist Mission Union, “Bethel Baptist Church, Chicago, Illinois,” in Fifty Years of Christian Stewardship 1901–1951 (Baptist Mission Union of America, 1951), 31–33. F INL AND-SWEDES IN MICHI GAN 89 17. Roinila, Finland-Swedes in Canada, 74. 18. Elizabeth Oman, “Swede-Finns on the Iron Ranges of Northeastern Minnesota,” Finnish Americana 7 (1986): 39–42. 19. Roinila, Finland-Swedes in Canada, 61–62. 20. Reino Kero, Suureen Länteen: Siirtolaisuus Suomesta Pohjois-Amerikkaan (Turku, Finland: Institute of Migration, 1996), 37. 21. Kero, Migration from Finland to North America, 16–17. 22. Ibid., 51; Korkiasaari, Suomalaiset Maailmalla, 27; and Roinila, Finland-Swedes in Canada, 64. 23. Anders Myhrman, “The Finland-Swedes and Their Cultural Organizations in America,” American Swedish Historical Society Yearbook 1957 (Philadelphia: Chancellor Press, 1964), 18. 24. Holmio, History of the Finns in Michigan, 406, and “The ASHM: A Museum for All Seasons,” American Swedish Historical Museum, http://www.americanswedish .org/history.html. 25. Myhrman, “Finland-Swedes and Their Cultural Organizations in America,” American Swedish Historical Society Yearbook 1957 (Philadelphia: Chancellor Press, 1964), 18. 26. Ibid. 27. Ibid. 28. For information on the Research Data Centers, see http://www.census.gov/ ces/. 29. Roinila, Finland-Swedes in Canada, 73. 30. Ibid., 80–85. 31. Randall was enumerated on August 3, 1850, and was recorded as a person who could not read or write. His identity as...

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