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63 Notes 1. Dictator who imposed his tyranny on Dominicans, 1930–1961. 2. Although we may find rather manipulated and “populist” ways of expression. 3. The “real cultural being”is the one that arises in the objective process of sociohistorical development, becoming the only possible way to look at the true identity of a people because it expresses its genesis, its ontogeny. 4. First Symposium: “African Presence in the West Indies,” Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, 1973. 5. Despite the resentment it may raise, this term is used in a nonpejorative way. It was originally used by colonialists to refer to the offspring of blacks and whites. 6. F. Lizardo refers to 70 percent mulattos, 10 percent blacks, and 16 percent whites. F. Lizardo, CulturaafricanaenSantoDomingo (Santo Domingo: Sociedad Industrial Dominicana, 1979). 7. The conscious mind expresses itself openly, especially against Haitians. The subconscious permeates even the language and the mood of the people, as well as other more subtle expressions. 8. Series of lectures on Black Folklore in Peru, Museo del Hombre Dominicano/ Ciasca, Santo Domingo, 1989. Notes 64 9. One way of naming the cultural phenomenon. In the last century, Marcel Mauss and Emile Durkheim called the object of study in sociology the “social fact” or the “total social fact.” 10. The emergence of religious syncretism in what are known as luases (gods, saints, and spirits of voodoo) and their link to Catholic saints had to do with the need of Africans to express their spiritual beliefs, which was forbidden by the masters. During the practice of their ceremonies, they would place the images of Catholic saints as substitutes for their gods. This type of behavior would also be displayed in other areas to meet their magic-religious needs, and would also become part of their cultural ways. 11. In R. Bastide, Lesreligionsafro-bresiliennes (Paris: Copia mimeo, 1964). 12. UNESCO, “África entre los siglos xii–xvi,”in HistoriageneraldeÁfrica (Paris: Editorial Tecnos, 1985). 13. Ibid. 14. Ibid. 15. Malinkes: from Mali. 16. UNESCO, “África entre los siglos xii–xvi.” 17. Ibid. 18. Ibid. 19. F. L. Da Veiga Pinto, LaparticipaciondePortugalenlatratanegreradelsigloxvalxix (Paris: UNESCO, 1981). 20. Ibid. 21. F. Ortiz, Losnegrosesclavos (Havana: Ciencias Sociales, 1975). 22. According to Carlos Esteban Deive, there is a belief that perhaps some ladinoslaves arrived in the second voyage of Christopher Columbus. Rolando Mallafe, cited by Deive, says about it: “We have reason to believe that some of the gentlemen who accompanied C. Columbus on his second trip brought their slaves with them.” C. E. Deive, La esclavituddelnegroenSantoDomingo(14921844) (Santo Domingo: Museo del Hombre Dominicano, 1981), 150. 23. J. Saco, Historiadelaesclavitud (Madrid: Jucar, 1974). 24. Priests from the Order of Saint Jeronimo in Spain who became missionaries in Hispaniola. 25. Father Las Casas and Fernando Oviedo refer to sugar production in the city of La Vega for consumption on the island only, because there was not enough for export. Notes 65 26. J. García, Áfricaen Venezuela: Piezade Indias (Caracas: Cuadernos Lagoven, 1980). 27. Moros: a name given by the Spanish to the unbaptized. 28. F. Moya Pons, LaEspañolaenelsigloxvi(14531520) (Santiago, Dominican Republic: Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, 1973). 29. Ortiz, Losnegrosesclavos. 30. In D. Mannix and M. Cowley, Historiade latratade negros (Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1970). 31. Rafael Lopez Valdez, in his lecture “Africanía in Cuba,” delivered at the Museo del Hombre Dominicano in 1991, referred to an informant descended from slaves in Cuba as coming from a part of Africa “where the sun was dying behind him,” i.e., the east coast. 32. Mannix and Cowley, Historiade latratade negros. 33. Cited by García in Áfricaen Venezuela. 34. Ortiz, Losnegrosesclavos. 35. Ibid. 36. C. Larrazábal Blanco, Losnegros ylaesclavitud enSantoDomingo (Santo Domingo: J. D. Postigo, 1975), 86–87. 37. Ibid., 57. 38. Ortiz, Losnegrosesclavos. 39. C. E. Deive, “Topónimos dominicanos vinculados a esclavos y a África,” Boletíndel Museodel HombreDominicano, no. 14 (1980). 40. Ibid. 41. Ethnonym: from ethno and name. 42. Lizardo, CulturaafricanaenSantoDomingo; Larrazábal Blanco, Losnegrosylaesclavitud enSantoDomingo. 43. O. B. Yai, Ethnonymieettoponymie africaines:réflexionspourunedécolonisation(Paris: UNESCO, 1984), 43. 44. H. Tolentino Dipp, RazaehistoriaenSantoDomingo (Santo Domingo: Universidad Autónoma d Santo Domingo, 1974). 45. Moya Pons, LaEspañolaenelsigloxvi(1453–1520). 46. Juan Bosch was president of the Dominican Republic in 1963. See J. Bosch, Composición socialdominicana (Santo Domingo: Amigo del Hogar, 1976). 47. Cited by Saco in Historiadelaesclavitud. Notes 66 48. Ladino: a slave who had already been in contact with European civilization and therefore knew...

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