A Most Uncertain Crusade: The United States, the United Nations, and Human Rights, 1941–1953

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. James Simsarian, “United Nations Action on Human Rights,” 28 December 1948, box 2, Papers of James P. Hendrick, Harry S. Truman Presidential Library. 2. Dulles to Eisenhower, 31 March 1953, Papers of John Foster Dulles, subject series, box 2, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library [DDEL]. 3. Article 55, United Nations Charter. 4. Warren Zimmerman, First Great Triumph: How Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2002), 348. 5. See Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992); Stephen Wrage, “Human Rights and the American National Myth” (PhD diss., Johns Hopkins University, 1987); Frederick Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History: A Reinterpretation (New York: Vintage Books, 1963); Thomas Hietala, Manifest Design: Anxious Aggrandizement in Late Jacksonian America (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985); Stephen Kinzer, Overthrow: America’s Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq (New York: Times Books, 2006); and Anders Stephanson, Manifest Destiny: American Expansion and the Empire of Right (New York: Hill and Wang, 1995). 6. Thomas J. Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992); and N. Gordon Levin, Jr., Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America’s Response to War and Revolution (London: Oxford University Press, 1968). 7. Peter Balakian, The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America’s Response (New York: Perennial, 2003); Paul G. Lauren, The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998), 38–71; James Frederick Green, The United Nations and Human Rights (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution , 1956), 3–7; Robert Beisner, Twelve Against Empire: The Anti-Imperialists, 1898– 1900 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968); James B. Stewart, Holy Warriors: The Abolitionists and American Slavery (New York: Hill and Wang, 1996); Melvin Small, Democracy and Diplomacy: The Impact of Domestic Politics on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789–1994 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 26–52; and Bill Seary, “The Early History: From the Congress of Vienna to the San Francisco Conference,” in The Conscience of the World: The Influence of Non-Governmental Organisations in the U.N. System, ed. Peter Willetts (Washington , DC: Brookings Institution, 1996), 15–19. 8. Adam Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa (London: Pan Books, 2002); Robert C. Tucker, ed., The Marx-Engels Reader (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978); Micheline R. Ishay, The Human Rights Reader: Major 262 Notes to Pages 8–17 Political Writings, Essays, Speeches, and Documents from the Bible to the Present (New York: Routledge, 1997), 175–232; Lauren, Evolution of International Human Rights, 52–57; and Antony Alcock, A History of the International Labor Organization (New York: Octagon Books, 1971). 9. Lauren, Evolution of International Human Rights, 72–82; Sheila M. Rothman, Woman ’s Proper Place: A History of Changing Ideals and Practices, 1870 to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 1978); Seary, “The Early History,” 19–22; and Leila J. Rupp, Worlds of Women: The Making of an International Women’s Movement (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997). 10. Green, The United Nations, 7–8; Howard Tolley, The U.N. Commission on Human Rights (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987), 1–2, 16; Lauren, Evolution of International Human Rights, 92–99; and Arno J. Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918–1919 (New York: Vintage Books, 1967). 11. W.E.B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk, in Three Negro Classics (New York: Avon Books, 1965), 221. See also Paul Gordon Lauren, “Human Rights in History: Diplomacy and Racial Equality at the Paris Peace Conference,” Journal of Diplomatic History 2 (June 1978): 257–78; Knock, To End All Wars, 210–51; Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy; and Akira Iriye, Across the Pacific: An Inner History of American–East Asian Relations (New York: Harcourt Brace & World, 1967), 135–43. 12. Lauren, Evolution of International Human Rights, 106–30; Gary B. Ostrower, The League of Nations, 1919 to 1929 (Garden City Park, NY: Avery Publishing, 1996); Robert Divine, Second Chance: The Triumph of Internationalism in America during World War II (New York: Atheneum, 1967), 6–28; Seary, “The Early History,” 22–24; and Elmer Bendiner, A Time for Angels: The Tragicomic History of the League of Nations (New York: Knopf, 1975). 13. Philip Dray, At the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America (New York: Modern Library, 2002), 303–62; John Egerton, Speak Now Against...