Planting the Union Flag in Texas: The Campaigns of Major General Nathaniel P. Banks in the West

Notes

Notes Abbreviations used in notes: B&L—R. U. Johnson and C. C. Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (New York: Century Press, 1887–88). CCW—Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 38th Cong., 2nd sess., vol. 2, “Red River Expedition” (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1865). CWL—Roy P. Basler, Marion Dolores Pratt, and Lloyd A. Dunlap, eds., Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1953). LOC—Library of Congress. MHI—U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle, Penn. OR—The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 70 vols. in 128 pts., compiled by Robert N. Scott (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901). OR Navies—Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion , 30 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1894–1922). Prologue 1. P. F. Parsiot, Reminiscences of a Texas Missionary (San Antonio: Johnson Bros., 1899), 56. See Robert L. Kerby, Kirby Smith’s Confederacy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972), 182. 2. See Frank L. Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 2nd ed. rev. by Harriet C. Owsley (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959); Robert E. May, ed., The Union, the Confederacy , and the Atlantic Rim (West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press, 1995), 5; Ephraim Douglass Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War (New York: Longmans , Green, 1925; repr., New York: Russell & Russell, n.d.), 2:7; Nathan Rosenburg, “The Economic Consequences of Technological Change, 1830–1880,” in Technology in Western Civilization, ed. Melvin Kranzberg and Carroll W. Pursell Jr. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 1:520; James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, the Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 39. 3. E. Merton Coulter, History of the South, vol. 7, The Confederate States of America 1861–1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1950), 241–42, gives the number of bales for 1861 as 4.5 million. E. B. Long, The Civil War Day by Day (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1971), 722, cites production in the South of 5,192,744.5 ginned cotton bales for the year 1860. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 100, cites 4 million bales as nominal annual production for the late 1850s. Adams, Great Britain, 2:7, refers to “nearly four million bales” produced in 1860, “the largest on record.” 4. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 383–86, 548. According to McPherson, “The cotton famine from which the South expected so much did not really take hold until the summer of 1862. By then the Confederacy had scuttled its embargo and was trying desperately to export cotton through the tightening blockade to pay for imported supplies” (ibid., 386). See also Richard H. Abbott, Cotton & Capital, Boston Businessmen and Antislavery Reform, 1854–1868 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1991), 80; Dean B. Mahin, One War at a Time (Washington, D.C.: Brassey’s, 1999), 83–86; George Winston Smith, “The Banks Expedition of 1862,” Louisiana Historical Quarterly 26 (April 1943): 347. 5. Lincoln was not the only one bothered by cotton speculators. See W. S. Oldham , letter to J. Davis, January 4, 1864, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (hereafter cited as OR, with series I understood unless otherwise indicated), comp. Robert N. Scott, vol. 34, pt. 2 (Washington , D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901), 820–21; Joseph Howard Parks, General Edmund Kirby Smith, C.S.A. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1954), 289. 6. Quoted by Abbott, Cotton & Capital, 38. For a discussion of the issue related to cotton and Texas, see Ludwell H. Johnson, Red River Campaign (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1958), 5–11. 7. Frederick Law Olmsted, letters to the New York Daily Times, emphasis in original ; F. L. Olmsted, A Journey through Texas, or a Saddle-Trip on the Southwestern Frontier, ed. John H. Olmsted (New York: Dix, Edwards, 1857; repr., Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978); F. L. Olmsted, The Cotton Kingdom, ed. Arthur M. Schlesinger (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1953), xl–xli. See also Laura Wood Roper, FLO, a Biography of Frederick Law Olmsted (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), 96–97. 8. See Abbott, Cotton & Capital, 47–48. 9. J. A. Andrew, letter to G. V. Fox...