Seeking Inalienable Rights: Texans and Their Quests for Justice

Index

African American conventions, xvii–xviii, 1–14; delegates’ backgrounds, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10–11; national, 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 13; timing/frequency, 1, 2; white response to, 2, 6, 8, 11–12 African American conventions, topics of discussion, xviii, 1, 2, 10; civil rights, xviii, 1, 2, 6, 8, 13; court decisions, 9; discrimination, 1, 6, 7, 8, 9; economic concerns/opportunity, xviii, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13; education/schools, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10; Freedmen’s Bureau, 3; gambling, 8; homesteads, 8; labor, 9; lawlessness, 9; legal rights, 9, 10; mercantile associations , 8; migration/exodus movement, 1, 6–7, 9, 10; moral arguments/persuasion, 1; politics/political action, xviii, 1, 5, 9, 10; political rights, 1, 9, 13; religious concerns , 5; segregation, 1, 9, 10; self-help, 1; slavery, 1; social concerns, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; temperance, 8; trade training, 8; unions, 8; violence, 1, 6, 8, 9, 10; voting, 7; widows and orphans, 8; women’s issues, 2, 10 African Americans: born free, xvi, 41; free xvi, 2–4, 6, 11, 86. See also Freedmen African Americans in government and politics, 9–11, 41: federal employees, 6; legislators, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13; local officeholders/officials, 6, 7 African American organization/s, 13–14, 85; Afro-American Council, 13–14; AntiClass Legislation Organization of Texas, 10; Colored Farmers National Alliance and Cooperative Union, 41; Colored Library Association (Dallas), 82, 85; Cooperative purchasing program, 43; Dallas Farmers’ Home Improvement Society, 13; National Negro Business League, 13–14; Negro Baptist Pastors Union, 100; Negro Minister’s Union, 100; Progressive Voters League, 85; Texas Farmers Association, 7, 13; Texas State Central Committee of Colored Men, 2–3; Village Improvement Society, 41–42; Women’s Barnyard Auxiliary, 42; See also individual listings African American property ownership, xviii, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 82–83, 90; as means to influence local decision making, 42; encouraging, 6–7, 42–43, purchasing and improving homes and land, 41–42, 44–45, 47, 50, 82 agriculture, scientific and improved methods of, 39, 42–45, 47–48, 51 alcohol, 88 Index 174 = index Alabama, 113–114, 126; Birmingham, 112; Selma, 112; Montgomery, 112 Ali, Muhammad, born Cassius Clay, 166– 167n26 Allen, Jimmy R., 111–115 Allen, Richard, 7 American Citizens’ Equal Rights Association (national equal rights council), 10, 16n28 American Federation of Labor (AFL)/ AFL-CIO, 18–19, 31–32, 35n34, 115 American G.I. Forum (AGIF), 150–151 Ames, Jessie Daniel, 71 anarchists, 20, 22 Andow, Paul, 128–129 Archer, Belle, 33n7 Arkansas, Little Rock, 108 Ary, A., 7 Austin’s Citizen Committee, 109 Austin National Bank, 73n5 Astin, J. R., 64 Bailey, Joseph Weldon, 62–63, 64–65, 67, 73n9, 73n10, 75n29 Baker, Mrs. Lee, 49 (caption) bankruptcy, 20 Baptist General Convention of Texas (BGCT), xix, 99; and dual alignment with the black National Baptist Convention, 107, 112; and efforts toward integration xix, 97–101, 109–111, 117; and the Texas Council of Churches 101–102, 106; associations 100, 104; and segregationist speech by pastor W. A. Criswell, 103; Baptist Standard, 100–101, 104, 109, 111–112, 114; Baptist student unions (BSU), 99, 101, 104, 106, 115; Baptist Student Work at Prairie View A&M College, 99; blocking blacks from entering a sanctuary, 98; church leaders, 97–98, 114–116; church members/congregations xix, 97–98, 100, 102, 105–106, 109–110, 112, 115, 117; conference on “Christianity and Race Relations,” 111; congregational structure/ local autonomy of churches, 97–98, 113–114–115, 117; congregational votes, 97–98; conservative theology, 97–98, 114–115, 117; culture of segregation, xix, 98–101, 103–104, 109–112, 117; deacons, 98, 104–105, 110, 116; denial of church membership to African Americans, 109– 110; Department of Student Ministry, 101; executives/executive board, 97–99, 101, 104, 111; finances and membership, 115; first African American deacon, 110; first African American member of Texas CLC, 112; individual salvation, 97; institutions, 97; Interracial Coordinator of Student Work, 99; Ministry with Minorities, 99, 105; moderate voices/ moderate strategy for racial reformation , 98–100, 103–104, 106–108, 110, 112–117; ostracism of University Baptist Church in Austin, 101–102; “Pledge in Time of Racial Tension,” 104–105; pastors , 97–105, 107–109, 111, 113–114, 117; president, 109; “The Role of a Pastor in a Community Facing Desegregation,” 107–108; separation of church and state, 97–99, 111–112, 117; social reformation...