Provisional Pulpit: Modern Presidential Leadership of Public Opinion

Index

ABC Nightly News,  active leadership, need for, , , ,  See also aggressive promotion age difference and findings, , , , ,  agenda setting, ,  aggressive promotion of policy importance of, –, , , –,  Johnson’s use of,  Reagan’s failure to use,  See also active leadership, need for; bully pulpit Aideed, Mohamed Farah, ,  Ailes, Roger, –, – air travel, influence of,  American Medical Association (AMA), , ,  “approval-enhancing” events,  approval ratings and barnstorming,  Clinton, – as definition of leadership,  Ford,  leadership ability, effect on, , ,  and major address tactic,  Nixon, –,  Reagan, xiii and television,  audience attention importance of, , ,  and major address tactic, –, – and presidential popularity,  Reagan’s inability to capture,  short-lived quality of, ,  See also competing messages; president as teacher audience understanding of issues importance of, – lack of, , , –,  and Panama Canal treaties, –,  See also president as teacher Bailey, Michael, – Baker, James, , ,  barnstorming tactic Bush’s (GHW) use of,  Bush’s (GW) use of, xiv–xv, , , , ,  Clinton’s use of, , , ,  and conditional theory, – Ford’s use of, – foreign policy leadership, effect on,  Kennedy’s use of,  leadership ability, effect on, , , , , , ,  Nixon’s use of,  Obama’s use of, – and popularity of president, , – Reagan’s use of, , –,  timing of, –,  travel, importance of, , – Wilson’s use of, ,  See also “going public” tactic Barrett, Andrew,  Baum, Matthew, ,  Beal, Richard,  Benham, Tom, –, –, , ,  Berman, William,  Brace, Paul, , , – Brezhnev, Leonid,  Brock, Bill,  Broder, David, – Page numbers in italic type indicate tables and figures. Index 308 : INDEX Brody, Richard, ,  Brzezinski, Zbigniew,  Buchanan, Bruce,  Buchanan, Patrick, ,  bully pulpit Bush’s (GHW) use of,  Bush’s (GW) use of,  Carter’s use of, ,  Clinton’s use of, , , ,  Obama’s use of,  overview,  provisional character of, –,  Reagan’s use of, , ,  strategic use of, , , , , – See also aggressive promotion, importance of; major address tactic Bunker, Ellsworth,  Burns, James MacGregor,  Busby, Horace, –,  Bush, George H. W. (GHW) Gulf War policies case study, – leadership ability of,  Bush, George W. (GW) barnstorming by, xiv–xv, , , , ,  immigration policy of, – and Iraq, , , , – overview of leadership ability, – and press conferences,  Social Security reform policy of, xiv–xv, , , –,  tax policy, – cable television, , ,  Caddell, Patrick, , , ,  Campbell, James E.,  Canes-Wrone, Brandice, , ,  Cantril, Hadley, xii Carter, Jimmy energy policy example,  Panama Canal policy case study, – and polling, internalizing,  case studies of leadership ability approach overview, –,  Bush (GW) leadership, – Obama leadership, – See also findings of study causality, defense of, – Central America, – Chapin, Dwight,  Cheney, Dick,  Citizens for America,  Clinton, Bill communication strategies of, , , , , , – economic policy case study, – leadership ability overview, – presidential “skill” of, ,  Somalia policy case study, – Cohen, Jeffrey, , , ,  Colson, Charles (Chuck), ,  communication strategies barnstorming tactic Bush’s (GHW) use of,  Bush’s (GW) use of, xiv–xv, , , , ,  Clinton’s use of, , , ,  and conditional theory, – Ford’s use of, – foreign policy leadership, effect on,  Kennedy’s use of,  leadership ability, effect on, , , , , , ,  Nixon’s use of,  Obama’s use of, – and popularity of president, , – Reagan’s use of, , –,  timing of, –,  travel, importance of, , – Wilson’s use of, ,  consecutive days tactic Bush’s (GW) use of, ,  Carter’s use of, , – Clinton’s use of, , , – Johnson’s use of,  Kennedy’s use of, ,  leadership ability, effect on, , , , ,  Nixon’s use of,  Index : 309 Obama’s use of,  Reagan’s use of,  “going international” tactic and conditional theory, – foreign policy leadership, effect on, , , ,  leadership ability, effect on, , –,  “going public” tactic,  Carter’s use of, – Clinton’s use of,  Kennedy’s use of, –,  leadership ability, effect on, ,  and modern presidencies, – Nixon’s use of, , – overview, , ,  Reagan’s use of, , ,  timing of, ,  travel, importance of, , – major address tactic and audience attention, –, – Bush’s (GW) use of, ,  Clinton’s use of, ,  and conditional theory, – foreign policy leadership, effect on, , ,  Johnson’s use of,  Nixon’s use of, –, –, – Obama’s use of,  success, conditions for, –,  “one issue at a time” tactic, –,  overview of effectiveness of, – overview of successful strategies, –, – “two days before” tactic by Clinton,  and conditional theory,  foreign policy leadership, effect on, , ,  leadership ability, effect on, , , , –,  Communism in Central America, , , , , ,  in China,  in Vietnam, , , ,  competing messages and congestion in political environment , ,  and divided government,  within platform, , –, , – and salience of issues,  See also audience attention; popularity of president; salience of issue conditional theory of presidential leadership constraints overview, – specific conditional expectations (–), – tactical conditional expectations (–), – theoretical overview, –, –, – See also findings of study Congress and Bush’s (GHW) leadership ability,  bypassing through major address tactic,  and definition of leadership, , ,  findings overview of leadership ability, – and Ford’s leadership ablity, –,  and foreign policy leadership,  and “going public” tactic overview, , ,  and Johnson’s leadership ability, ,  and Nixon’s leadership ability, , ,  and presidential “skill,”  and Reagan’s...