White House Politics and the Environment: Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush

Notes

Notes Preface 1. Glen Sussman, Byron W. Daynes, and Jonathan P. West, American Politics and the Environment (New York: Longman, 2002), xvii. 2. John Kennedy, “Special Message to the Congress on Improving the Nation’s Health,” February 7, 1963, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: John F. Kennedy, 1963 (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964), 1:141–47. Introduction 1. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Radio Address Delivered at Two Medicine Chalet,” August 5, 1934, The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt: The People Approve, comp. Samuel I. Rosenman (New York: Random House, 1938), 3:359. 2. Richard Lowitt, “Conservation, Policy on,” in Encyclopedia of the American Presidency, ed. Leonard W. Levy and Louis Fisher (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 1:289. 3. Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1962). 4. Kennedy, “Special Message to the Congress on Improving the Nation’s Health,” February 7, 1963, 1:141–47 (see preface, n. 2). 5. Although social policy has been defined in various ways over time, it can simply be defined as “public policy that possesses legal authority having the potential of influencing or changing moral practices, individual standards of behavior as well as community values.” Byron W. Daynes and Glen Sussman, The American Presidency and the Social Agenda (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2001), 1. See also Raymond Tatalovich and Byron W. Daynes, Social Regulatory Policy: Moral Controversies in American Politics (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1988). In his assessment of American public opinion, pollster Louis Harris has long considered the environment in the same category as other social issues. See Louis Harris, Inside America (New York: Vintage Books, 1987), 135–273. George McKenna, in his 1994 study, made it clear that environmental policy should not be considered any different from other social policies as far as how people react to it. See George McKenna, The Drama of Democracy: American Government and Politics (Guildford, Conn.: Dushkin Publishing Group, 1994), 435. 6. Michael Satchell, “Clinton’s ‘Mother of All Land-Grabs,’” U.S. News and World Report, January 20, 1997, 42. 7. George Gallup Jr. maintains that moral values today are more important now than at any other time in sixty years of public opinion polling. Peter Hart Research Associates poll issued for Shell Oil Company that found results that would back up this conclusion. They found that 56 percent of citizens identified “moral values” as the most serious problem in the nation, whereas those who answered the survey selected “standards set by public of- ficials” as the fifth most important reason for the cause of moral decline in the nation . Reasons considered more important included: families not teaching values; increased drug use; parental examples; and portrayal of life in movies and on TV. Compiled by Robert Kilborn and Lance Carden, “Parents Are Key to Raising Moral Values, Survey Finds,” http://www.csmonitor.com/ 1999/0519/p24s3.html (accessed November 17, 2009). 8. Ben J. Wattenberg, “Social Issues Will Elect Our Next President—and Clinton Knows It,” American Enterprise, January– February 1996, 3. 9. Ronald Inglehart, Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990). 10. Robert V. Percival, “Environmental Law in the Supreme Court: Highlights from the Marshall Papers,” Environmental Law Reporter 23 (October 1993): 10607. 11. Percival, “Environmental Law in the Supreme Court,” 10607. 12. Because all presidents up to 2006 have been men, the masculine pronoun is used throughout the book to refer to the president and presidency in general. This usage in no way excludes the possibility or anticipation that in the future women will surely occupy this office. 13. Both Theodore Lowi, in describing regulatory policy, and Raymond Tatalovich and Byron Daynes, in examining social regulatory policies, maintained that one could expect only “modest leadership from the White House” with regard to these policies. Yet some presidents have exerted energetic policy leadership in handling selected social policies, while others have largely ignored or even rejected these same policies. What does seem clear, though, is that not all presidents fit one behavioral mode. See Tatalovich and Daynes, Social Regulatory Policy, and Theodore J. Lowi’s foreword to Tatalovich and Daynes, Social Regulatory Policy, x–xxi. 14. Susan Hunter and Victoria Noonan point out that media attention to the environment was highest beginning in the late 1960s through the mid-1970s, as measured by the number of...