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16 C h a p t e r 3 Preservation of the Tianyuan 1 Human Fossil Remains THE PRESERVED remains of the partly disturbed Tianyuan 1 skeleton retain portions of nearly all aspects of the skeleton except the cranium. It has 8 teeth, a mandible, 3 axial elements, 15 upper limb bones, and 13 lower limb bones (Table 3-1; Figures 3-1 and 3-2). Of this total of 32 bones, 4 are midsagittal; 14 are right; 11 are left; and 3 are indeterminate as to side. Of the 8 teeth, the left maxillary molar is isolated; the right mandibular right I2 to M2 are securely in the mandibular corpus ; and the right M3 fits into the right mandible but was found separately. These remains are inventoried here, and their preservation is described. Photographs of the specimens are in the chapters discussing their morphological and paleobiological aspects. For the few manual and pedal elements for which digital allocation is uncertain, the criteria for their assignment are provided. The details differ slightly from the list provided in Shang et al. (2007), since a couple of elements or portions of elements were identified among the isolated bone fragments subsequent to that publication. The Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP) catalog numbers (between PA1281 to PA1319) are provided for each element. Dentition The Tianyuan 1 teeth all experienced heavy occlusal attrition, but the identification of the right mandibular teeth is secure since all of them are in or fit into the mandibular corpus. The left maxillary molar exhibits mesial and distal interproximal facets, and therefore it is a first or second molar. The right I2 has an enamel chip gone from the mesiobuccal corner, but it is otherwise intact (I2 to M2 : PA1281). The right C1 has a crack around the labial secondary dentin to the distal interproximal facet. The right P3 is intact with a mesiodistal midline crack. There is a similar mesiodistal midline crack on the otherwise 17 PRESERVATION OF THE TIANYUAN 1 HUMAN FOSSIL REMAINS complete right P4 . The heavily worn right M1 exhibits very fine linear cracks on buccal side of the occlusal crown. The right M2 has similar very fine line cracks, but they are across the distal half of the crown. The right M3 (PA1283) was found separately and in situ, and it fits cleanly into the altered socket for the tooth on the right mandibular corpus. There are radial fine line cracks on the occlusal surface. The mesial edge of the mesial root was split postmortem, and the distal root was broken and reglued. As discussed in Chapters 5 and 12, this tooth was markedly supererupted and therefore the intact socket for it receives only the mesial root and the apical portion of the distal root. However, the fit is clean despite the postmortem alteration of the mesial root. The tooth is a right M3 ; its wear pattern, both occlusal and interproximal, matches those of the other Tianyuan 1 teeth; and minimal adjustment for the mesial root damage indicates that it belongs to Tianyuan 1. The other isolated tooth is a maxillary molar (PA1282). It is one of the elements found in situ. Its crown is missing most of the buccal rim. The distobuccal root was broken and reglued at a slight angle. It has mesial and distal interTable 3-1. Skeletal and dental elements preserved forTianyuan 1 Left Right Mandible symphysis, corpus, and right ramus (f) M1-2 (ff) I2 —M3 (i) Cervical vertebra 2 (axis) (i) Manubrium (f), sternal segments 1 and 2 (f) Scapula (f) Scapula (ff) Humerus (f) Humerus (ff) Ulna (ff) Radius (f) Radius (ff) Hamate (i) Lunate (i), Capitate (i), Proximal hand phalanges 2 (i) and 3 (i) Proximal hand phalanx 5 (i) Middle hand phalanx 2? (i) Distal hand phalanx 2? (i) Femur (ff) Femur (f) Tibia (ff) Tibia (f) Fibula (f) Talus (i) Calcaneus (f) Metatarsals 1 (f) and 5 (i) Metatarsals 3 (i) and 4 (i) Proximal pedal phalanx 2 (i) Proximal pedal phalanx 5 (i) Note: Following the Catalogue of Fossil Hominids (Oakley et al., 1975), (i) indicates an essentially complete element with little or no marginal damage; (f) indicates a largely preserved piece but lacking a portion or having substantial damage; and (ff) identifies a piece preserving a minority of the original element, with damage . Elements with a question mark are ones for which the digit is probable but not conclusive. Bones in the middle are either midsagittal elements or ones indeterminate as...

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