The Limits of Alignment: Southeast Asia and the Great Powers since 1975

Index

311 Index Note: Page numbers in italics represent illustrations. abandonment, 22, 32, 132–33, 215–17 Abu Sayyaf, 117–18, 150, 171, 172 accommodation thesis, 231–33, 237–38 Aceh, 136, 138–39, 159 Acharya,Amitav, 61, 126, 151, 215, 226, 227, 233–34 Afghanistan, U.S. led war in, 2, 119–20, 155 Africa, sub-Saharan, 20 African Union, 44 Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 46 Alagappa, Muthiah, 79, 185 Alatas,Ali, 100, 101, 143, 228 Albar, Syed Hamid, 150 Albright, Madeleine, 142 Algeria, 48 alignment options, defining, 1, 8–9, 9 alignment preferences, explaining, 14, 131–36, 174–75. See also limited alignments; risks/ rewards of alignment (variables influencing alignment decisions); Southeast Asian alignment politics (latter stages of the Cold War); Southeast Asian alignment politics (post-Cold War period); tight alliances Allende, Salvador, 24 Andean Pact, 44 Angola, 20 Anwar, Dewi Fortuna, 121, 141–42 ANZUK (Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom), 107, 155, 226 Aquino, Benigno, 81 Aquino, Corazon, 87, 167, 168 Arab Gulf states, 246 Arab League, 44 Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), 166–67, 170, 172 Armenia, 21 Arroyo, Gloria Macapagal, 117–18, 172, 173 Art, Robert, 7, 249 ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), 61–64, 226–27;“ASEAN Security Community,” 125–26; and Asian financial crisis, 108–10, 113; and balance of influence, 79–80; Charter, 126; contemporary normative and institutional efforts, 125–26, 226–27; Defense Ministers’ Meeting, 125–26, 227;“dual-track strategy,” 102–3, 227; and East Timor crisis, 113–14; economic diversification, 124–25, 224–25; expansion and regional institutional changes, 101–2, 107–8, 110–14; latter stages of the Cold War, 84–87, 91; and reduced need for tight alliances, 91, 228; rise of, 61–64; Sino-ASEAN trade, 124–25, 140, 224–25;Treaty of Amity and Cooperation, 62–63, 125, 244; and U.S. war on terrorism, 116–17; andVietnamese invasion and occupation of Cambodia, 74–82; and the ZOPFAN principle, 61–64, 68, 102, 228, 235 ASEAN-China Framework Agreement on Economic Cooperation (2002), 124–25 ASEAN+3, 54, 114, 125, 208, 252 ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), 102, 103, 113, 114, 207–8, 252 ASEAN-UN Summit (2000), 207–8 Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM), 102 Asian Bond Market Initiative, 208 Asian Cooperation Dialogue (ACD), 208 Asian Development Bank, 108, 179, 200 Asian Financial Crisis, 108–10, 113, 137, 142, 207, 214 “Asian values” debate, 162–63, 214 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC), 102, 113, 114, 252 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 44, 54 Aung San Suu Kyi, Daw, 95, 104, 179, 180–81, 214 312 Index Australia, 27, 101–2, 114 autonomy, diminished, 18–22, 132, 143, 213–15 Ayoob, Mohammed, 24 Aziz,Tariq, 32 Badawi,Abdullah, 151 Badawi,Ahmad, 86 balances of influence, 236–37, 251–52 balancing, 2, 4–5, 6, 230–31, 257n11 Bali bombings (2002), 117, 121, 122 Bamrungphong, Boonchai, 64 Bandung Conference (1955), 177–78 bandwagoning, 2, 4–5, 123, 231–33, 245, 257n3 ban phi muang nong (relationship between older and younger brothers), 193 Bashir,Abu Bakar, 219 bebas-aktif (independent and active) tradition, 121, 144 Belarus, 21 Bennett, Scott, 41 Betancur, Belisario, 19 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 111 Bilateral Training and Consultative Group (BITAC), 78 bin Laden, Osama, 24–25, 250 Brazil, 48 Brunei, 153–55; alignment preferences and policies, 153–55, 235; and ASEAN, 79; and balance of influence, 80; and China’s assertive behavior in South China Sea, 100, 154; economic interests and oil, 79, 154–55, 223; and Great Britain, 79, 100, 101–2, 154; and Islamic legitimacy, 155; post9 /11 security cooperation, 122, 155; threat environment, 153–54; U.S. alignment, 86, 100, 122, 153–55 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 230 Buchan,Alastair, 35–36 buffer zones, 235 Bull, Hedley, 248 Burma, 176–82; and China (Sino-Burmese relations), 69, 81–82, 87–88; relative neutralism (nonalignment policy) under Ne Win regime, 68–69, 81–82, 177–78; rise of the SLORC, 87, 176, 178. See also Myanmar Burmese Communist Party (BCP), 69, 81 Burmese Socialist Program Party (BSPP), 69 Bush administration (George H.W. Bush), 94, 97 Bush administration (George W. Bush): and Arab Gulf states, 246; balancing option/ bandwagoning option, 2; Indonesian aid, 121; Philippine-U.S. alliance, 117–18, 171, 172, 235; preemption and Iraq war, 180; Singapore-U.S. alliance, 119; states’ entrapment concerns, 218; andVietnam, 122. See also war on terrorism Buszynski, Leszek, 206 Caballero-Anthony, Mely, 222 Cambodia, 194–200; alignment...