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Acknowledgments vii Introduction ix ONE HUMAN ORGAN SALES AND MORAL ARGUMENTS: THE BODY FOR BENEFICENCE AND PROFIT 1 Introduction 1 Challenges for Public Health Care Policy 2 “Global Consensus” 4 Prohibition: Controversies and Criticisms 15 TWO METAPHYSICS, MORALITY, AND POLITICAL THEORY: THE PRESUPPOSITIONS OF PROSCRIPTION REEXAMINED 18 Introduction 18 Initial Considerations: Assessing Standards of Evidence and Placing the Burden of Proof 19 Persons and Body Parts 22 Owning One’s Body 28 Repugnance: Adjudication among Moral Intuitions 36 Government, Health Care Policy, and Private Choices 42 Summary 68 THREE A MARKET IN HUMAN ORGANS: COSTS AND BENEFITS, VICES AND VIRTUES 72 Introduction 72 Health Care Costs and Benefits 74 Special Moral Costs and Benefits: Equality and Liberty 83 Exploitation: Organ Markets Verses Other Procurement and Allocation Strategies 88 v Contents Community, Altruism, and Free Choice 99 Scientific Excellence and the Marketplace 102 The Market and Profit: The Virtues and Vices of Free Choice 107 Summary 110 FOUR THE BODY, ITS PARTS, AND THE MARKET: REVISIONIST INTERPRETATIONS FROM THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY 113 Introduction 113 Major Theories 118 Summary 144 FIVE PROHIBITION: MORE HARM THAN BENEFIT? 147 Aspiring to an International Bioethics 147 False Claims to Moral Consensus 148 Crafting Health Care Policy amid Moral Pluralism 154 Appendix: Sample of International Legislation Restricting the Sale of Human Organs for Transplantation 163 List of Cases 169 Notes 171 Index 245 vi Contents ...

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