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Glossary฀ Annual: A plant that germinates, matures, flowers, sets seed, and dies in a single year. Aspect: The direction that a slope faces. Aspirating: Using vertically moving air to suspend particles in a column; lighter seeds are either captured in a pocket of the column or blown completely out of the column. Assessment: A measure of the quality of a remnant. Auricle: Appendage extending from the leaf collar. Awn: A hairlike or bristlelike appendage on a plant or seed. Beard: Fine hairs on a seed. Biennial: A plant that germinates and grows in the first year and resumes growth, matures, flowers, sets seed, and dies in the second year. Biodiversity: All life forms within an area, habitat, ecosystem, biome, or the entire earth. Biomass: The total number of organisms in a given area measured as live, dead, dry weight, or energy (calories). Biotic community: An assemblage of living organisms that occur together. Blacksoil prairie: A prairie that typically has a dark topsoil up to 2 feet deep that is rich in organic matter. Beneath this, a clay subsoil retains moisture and is rich in minerals. The lowest layer of subsoil is the mineral-rich glacial till that was left behind by the last glaciers. It is typically a mixture of finely pulverized rocks, clay or sand, and loess (fine, wind-borne debris). Bog: A poorly drained, usually acid area rich in accumulated plant material, frequently surrounding a body of open water and having a characteristic flora (such as sedges, heaths, and sphagnum). Broadcast seeder: A seeding device that sows the seed over the soil surface. Broadcast seeding: A seeding method that involves random dispersal of seed over an area by hand or by mechanical means. Bulk-harvest: To collect a mixture of seed, chaff, leaves, and stems of species present in a prairie. Cambium: A layer below the inner bark that is capable of active cell division, producing xylem to the inside of the plant and phloem to the outside. Canopy: The uppermost layer of vegetation in a plant community that creates a shade-forming layer. Caryopsis: A small, dry, one-seeded fruit in which the ovary wall remains joined with the seed in a single grain, as in barley, wheat, corn, and rice. Ciliate: Having very small, fine hairs. 266฀ Glossary Climax community: An assemblage of plants and animals which, through the process of ecological succession—the development of vegetation in an area over time—has reached a steady state. Clonal growth: An organism derived from asexual or vegetative multiplication that originated from a single parent. Clonal spread: A group of individuals growing from rhizomes or stolons outward from a single parent plant. Clopyralid: A synthetic growth hormone herbicide that kills broadleaf plants by causing uncontrolled and disorganized growth, typically used to control thistle and clover species. Coefficient of conservatism: A numerical score assigned to each plant species in a local flora that reflects the likelihood that a species is found in natural habitats. Compacted soil: Compressed soil that inhibits the penetration of plant roots. Cone-tainer: A cone-shaped receptacle used to germinate individual seeds and allow for growth prior to transplanting. Conservative species: Species that serve, almost exclusively, to distinguish intact natural areas from disturbed landscapes. Control method: Method used to reduce a population size or eliminate a group of organisms by various techniques such as chemical application, mechanical operations , or hand-weeding. Cool-season grass: A grass that grows during the spring, then flowers and sets seed in late spring or early summer. Cotyledon: The first seed leaf or leaf pair to appear after germination. Cover crop: A quick-growing crop, such as an annual cereal crop, seeded with perennial species to reduce soil erosion and weed growth. Crop residue: Plant material left in the field after harvest that includes leaves, stalks, and stubble (stems). Cultipacker: A heavy implement pulled by a tractor that rolls across the soil, firming the seedbed and packing the seed. Cultipacking: Rolling the soil surface to reduce the size of dirt clods and to remove large air pockets to create a smooth, firm seedbed. Rolling the surface after sowing can improve seed placement in the soil and seed-to-soil contact. Cultivars: Varieties of grass and forb species that have been selectively bred for desired characteristics, abbreviation for “cultivated variety.” Culturally modified prairie: A prairie changed by human activity such as grazing, mowing, or haying. Deawning: Removing the awn from a seed. Debearding: Removing the beard from a seed. Degradation: The...

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