Notes
Notes Introduction (pages xiii–xviii) 1 The German chancellor Otto von Bismark (1815–1898) is purported to have said, “Those with an appetite for law or sausage should not watch either being made.” 2 Pew Oceans Commission, America’s Living Oceans: Charting a Course for Sea Change (Arlington, Va.: Pew Oceans Commission, 2003). 3 National Marine Sanctuaries Act (NMSA), 16 U.S.C. §1431 et seq. 4 NOAA, Sanctuaries and Reserves Division, Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary Final Environmental Impact Statement/Management Plan, vol. 1 (Silver Spring, Md.: NOAA, July 1993), 4. 5 The U.S. EEZ is the area of oceans over which the United States exercises exclusive economic jurisdiction. It extends 200 nautical miles from the shoreline of U.S. territory and encompasses approximately 4.5 million square miles—an area about 23 percent larger than the nation’s land area. 6 Ernest Barker, trans., The Politics of Aristotle (New York: Oxford University Press, 1958). Book II, chap. 3, §4, p. 44. 7 Peter A. A. Berle, Does the Citizen Stand a Chance? The Politics of a State Legislature : New York (Hauppague, N.Y.: Barrons Educational Series, 1978). Berle was a former New York State representative and commissioner of environmental conservation , and president of the National Audubon Society. 8 The U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy was established by the Oceans Act of 2000. Its work constituted the first comprehensive examination of ocean policy since the 1969 Stratton Commission. Its final report, “An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century,” was issued in 2004. Chapter 1. Middle Bank (pages 3–9) 1 Letter to A. D. Bache, superintendent of the Coast Survey, October 22, 1854, Boston . NOAA Coast Survey. For full text see http://stellwagen.noaa.gov/about/ letters.html. 2 Ibid. 204 Notes 3 Robert M. Browning, Jr., writes that the attempt to utilize sail and steam propulsion resulted in “the final product being a combination of the bad qualities of each.” Browning, “The Lasting Injury: The Revenue Marine’s First Steam Cutters ,” The American Neptune 52, no. 1 (Winter 1992): 25–37. 4 See William P. Cumming, “The Colonial Charting of the Massachusetts Coast,” in Seafaring in Colonial Massachusetts, ed. Philip C. F. Smith (Boston: The Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 1980), 67–118. 5 See Sinclair Hitchings, “Guarding the New England Coast: The Naval Career of Cyprian Southack,” in Smith, Seafaring in Colonial Massachusetts. 6 See Osher Map Library and Smith Center for Cartographic Education, The Cartographic Creation of New England (Portland: University of Southern Maine, 1996). 7 While the discovery of Middle Bank may not compare with the discoveries of Lewis and Clark, the two can be traced to the insatiable curiosity and inventive genius of Thomas Jefferson. Six years before he became president, Jefferson chaired a committee of the Continental Congress that recommended a public survey of all U.S. land not settled at the time. A year later, the Continental Congress created the Public Land Survey System that laid out the rectangular grid system that to this day shapes much of the mapped western landscape. Among his many talents, Jefferson was an extraordinary naturalist constantly making observations about the land around him and beyond. He studied maps all the time and envisioned a transcontinental water passage. It may have helped that his father, Peter, was a planter and surveyor. In between affairs of state, Thomas is recorded as receiving a surveyor’s license in Virginia shortly before the revolution . Jefferson carried his enthusiasm for discovery and western expansion with him to the White House, beginning with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. He then asked Congress to authorize the Corps of Discovery, forever after known as the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806) to map and explore the Northwest and Pacific coast. Jefferson then turned his attention to the American coastline and offshore waters and asked Congress to create an agency to gather hydrographic data and create nautical charts. The idea was acted upon quickly, and in 1807 Jefferson signed the law authorizing the formation of a Survey of the Coast, which eventually became known as the Coast Survey. The Survey of the Coast, which was to be administered by the Treasury Department , was appropriated $50,000 and charged with conducting “a survey . . . of the coasts of the United States, in which shall be designated the islands and shoals, with the roads or places of anchorage, within twenty leagues of any part of the shores of the United States.” Jefferson personally selected a Swiss immigrant...
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