The Legacy of American Copper Smelting: Industrial Heritage versus Environmental Policy

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. David Lowenthal, “Stewarding the Past in a Perplexing Present,” in Values and Heritage Conservation, ed. Randall Mason, Erica Avrami, and Marta de la Torre (Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute, 2000), 18. 2. Peter Howard, Heritage: Management, Interpretation, Identity (New York: Continuum , 2003), 6. 3. Australia State Party, The Burra Charter (International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites [ICOMOS], 1999), 2. 4. Among theories of technological change and evolution, social construction and network or systems theory largely dispel the notion that significant inventions or events had a single route of development. Rather, incremental steps are largely negotiated , contested, and influenced by a wide variety of direct and peripheral actors. See, for example, Wiebe E. Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes, and Trevor Pinch, eds., The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1987). 5. See www.nps.gov/history/nr/ accessed 16 December 2011. 6. If a privately owned site on the National Register is altered or changed so much that it no longer meets the requirements for listing, the only penalty is delisting. 7. “National Historic Preservation Act of 1966,” in Public Law 102–575 (1966) including its 1980 and 1992 amendments. 8. “Cleanup Process,” U.S. EPA, accessed July 11, 2009. http://www.epa.gov/ superfund/cleanup/index.htm 9. “Who Are We and How Are We Organized?” accessed July 11, 2009. http://www. epa.gov/epahome/aboutepa.htm 10. “Historic and Archaeological Resource Protection for USEPA Personnel,” ed., Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (Washington, DC: U.S. EPA, 2007), 1–6. Reviewed in 2008. Notes to Pages xxvi–6 208 11. See, Thomas King, Cultural Resource Laws and Practice (Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press, 2008) and “CERCLA and NPA Coordination for Superfund Sites,” NPI, accessed July 11, 2009. http://www.npi.org/sem-cercla.html Chapter 1 1. Michael Rice Jones, “Oxhide Ingots, Copper Production, and the Mediterranean Trade in Copper and Other Materials in the Bronze Age” (master’s thesis, Texas A&M, 2007), 128. 2. Paul T. Craddock, Early Metal Mining and Production (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995), 194. 3. R. A. Davis Jr. and others, “Rio Tinto Esturary (Spain): 5000 Years of Pollution,” Environmental Geology 39, no. 10 (2000): 1115. 4. See Andreal Manasse and Marcello Mellini, “Chemical and Textural Characterisation of Medieval Slags from the Massa Marittima Smelting Sites (Tuscany, Italy),” Journal of Cultural Heritage 3, (2002): 187–206; J. P. Grattan, D. D. Gilbertson, and C. O. Hunt, “The Local and Global Dimensions of Metalliferous Pollution Derived from a Reconstruction of an Eight Thousand Year Record of Copper Smelting and Mining at a Desert-Mountain Frontier in Southern Jordan,” Journal of Archaeological Science 34, no. 1 (2007): 83–110; F. B. Pyatt and others, “The Heavy Metal Content of Skeletons from an Ancient Metalliferous Polluted Area in Southern Jordan with Particular Reference to Bioaccumulation and Human Health,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 60, no. 3 (2005): 295–300; and F. B. Pyatt, “Copper and Lead Bioaccumulation by Acacia Retinoides and Eucalyptus Torquata in Sites Contaminated as a Consequence of Extensive Ancient Mining Activities in Cyprus,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 50, no. 1 (2001): 60–64. 5. Sungmin Hong and others, “A Reconstruction of Changes in Copper Production and Copper Emissions to the Atmosphere During the Past 7000 Years,” The Science of the Total Environment 188, no. 2–3 (1996): 248. 6. See F. B. Pyatt, “Copper and Lead Bioaccumulation,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 50, no. 1 (2001): 60–64. 7. Quoted in Jerome O. Nriagu, “Global Metal Pollution: Poisoning the Biosphere,” Environment 32, no. 7 (1990): 8. 8. E. Borsos and others, “Anthropogenic Air Pollution in Ancient Times,” ACTA Climatologica Et Chorologica (Universitatis Szegediensis, Szeged, Hungary: Universitatis Szegediensis, 2003), 8. 9. ICOMOS, “Evaluations of Cultural Properties,” ed., Bureau of Cultural Properties World Heritage Convention (UNESCO, 2001), 96–97. Notes to Pages 6–10 209 10. Quoted in Anna S. Ek and others, “Environmental Effects of One Thousand Years of Copper Production at Falun, Central Sweden,” Ambio 30, no. 2 (2001): 96. 11. Ibid., 98. 12. Ibid., 97. Falun Smelters released an estimated 40,000 tons of SO2 /year during peak production years from 1620–1640. The authors, however, caution that these numbers represent less than 10% of national SO2 peaks in the 1970s. 13. Swansea, A Short History of the Hafod Works (Swansea, Wales: Welsh Assembly...