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Notes Introduction 1. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans. Henry Reeve, ed. Phillips Bradley (1840; New York: Knopf, 1945), vol. 2: 222. 2. Ibid., 222. 3. Linda M. Shires, “Of Maenads, Mothers, and Feminized Males: Victorian Readings of the French Revolution,” in Rewriting the Victorians: Theory, History, and the Politics of Gender, ed. Linda M. Shires (New York: Routledge, 1992), 147, 156–57. 4. See Kari Weil, Androgyny and the Denial of Difference (Charlottesville: Univ. Press of Virginia, 1992), 69, and A. J. L. Busst, “The Androgyne in the Nineteenth Century,” in Romantic Mythologies, ed. Ian Fletcher (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1967), 12. 5. Weil, Androgyny and the Denial of Difference, 66. 6. Quoted in Robert J. C. Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity, Culture, and Race (London: Routledge, 1995), 39. For more information on Herder’s organicism, see F. M. Barnard, Herder’s Social and Political Thought: From Enlightenment to Nationalism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965). 7. Barnard, Herder’s Social and Political Thought, 32–39. 8. Ralph Waldo Emerson, in The Selected Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson, ed. Brooks Atkinson (New York: Modern Library, 1992), 13. Emerson remarks: “It is well known to most of my audience that the Idealism of the present day acquired the name of Transcendental from the use of the term by Immanuel Kant, of Königsberg, who replied to the skeptical philosophy of Locke, which insisted that there was nothing in the intellectual which was not previously in the experience of the senses, by showing that there was a very important class of ideas or imperative forms, which did not come by experience, but through which experience was acquired; that these were intuitions ab 146 Notes to Pages 3–9 of the mind itself; and denominated them Transcendental forms” (86). For Herder’s influence on Emerson, see Gene Bluestein, The Voice of the Folk: Folklore and American Literary Theory (Amherst: Univ. of Massachusetts Press, 1972). 9. W. G. Gilman et al., eds., The Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks of Ralph Waldo Emerson (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ., 1978), vol. 7: 380. 10. Gilman et al., The Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks of Ralph Waldo Emerson 9: 21. 11. On the “separation of spheres,” see Barbara Welter, “The Cult of True Womanhood, 1820–1860,” American Quarterly 18, no. 2 (1966): 151–74. For Emerson’s patriarchal view of androgyny, see Eric Ingvar Thurin, Emerson as Priest of Pan: A Study in the Metaphysics of Sex (Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1981), 189. 12. Gary A. Williams, introduction to The Hermaphrodite, by Julia Ward Howe, The Hermaphrodite (Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 2004), xxxvi–v. 13. Julia Ward Howe, The Hermaphrodite, ed. Gary A. Williams (Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 2004), 195–96. 14. Quoted in Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz, Rereading Sex: Battles over Sexual Knowledge and Suppression in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Alfred Knopf, 2002), 30. 15. Margaret Fuller, Woman in the Nineteenth Century, ed. Larry J. Reynolds (1845; New York: W. W. Norton, 1998), 14, 20. 16. Ibid., 68–69. 17. Bluestein, The Voice of the Folk, 41. 18. James E. Miller Jr., Leaves of Grass: America’s Lyric-Epic of Self and Democracy (New York: Twayne, 1992), 9. 19. Justin Kaplan, Walt Whitman: A Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1980), 183. 20. Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass, ed. Michael Moon (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002), 3. 21. Curiously, Whitman struck this line from later editions of Leaves of Grass. At the time of the 1855 printing, Whitman had not yet given Song of Myself its title. 22. Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass: The First (1855) Edition, ed. Malcolm Cowley (New York: Penguin, 1986), 31, 44, 61. 23. Ibid., 107. 24. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1991), 26. 25. David Leverenz, Paternalism Incorporated: Fables of American Fatherhood, 1865–1940 (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 2003), 5. 26. See chapters 1 and 4 of Nina Silber, The Romance of Reunion: Northerners and the South, 1865–1900 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1993). 27. Ibid., 29–37. 28. Quoted in Kristin L. Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1998), 23. 29. Nancy Leys Stepan, “Race and Gender: The Role of Analogy in Science,” in Anatomy of Racism, ed. David Theo Goldberg (Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1990), 39–40. 30. Quoted in Werner Sollors, Neither White Nor Black Yet Both...

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