A Phone of Our Own: The Deaf Insurrection Against Ma Bell

INDEX

INDEX Page numbers in italics indicate photographs. All subentries for Saks refer to Andrew Saks, unless otherwise noted. A-Alpha Answering Service, 152 acoustic coupler: development of, 3-4, 6-7, 21, 25, 28, 29, 30-34; federal government and, 28; tax deduction for, 6; technical description, 208 n. 3; variable echo suppressor and, 34-35. See also Phonetype modem; telephone modem; TTY-telephone communication ADA. See Americans with Disabilities Act Adler, Edna, 63 Alberta Government Telephone Company , l32 Alert Answering Service, 61 Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf, 35, 38,40,62,64,66; citation for Weitbrecht, 118; communication philosophy of, 39, 80; first demonstration of TTY, 39-41; resistance to TTY, 41; TDI and, 79-81 Allen, Gordon L., 114 American Coalition of Citizens with Disabilities, 160 American Communication Corporation TTY, 183 American Standard for Information Interchange (ASCII). See ASCII code Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 189, 191, 193-94, 218 n. 8 American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T), 90, l39; ASCII code and, 46, 49; Lee Brody and, 102; Carterfone case, 66, 69, 75; Data-Phone services, 46, 69-70, 112; implementation ofADA and, 194; interstate rate reduction, 171; meetings with APCOM, 49-50, 69; modem standards and, 126; monopoly practices, 64,66,69; Picturephone, 35-36, 37, 38; responses to deaf needs, 164-65, 166, 171-72; response to Weitbrecht's modem, 49-50; restrictions impeding acoustic coupler development, 30, 31; restrictions on "foreign attachments ," 46; telecommunications devices for the deaf, 27-28, 57, 58,69-70,85,112-13,125; TTYtelephone communication and, 4950 ,60,112-15,120-21,125,126; unfair equipment and access practices , 87-88; used TTYs and, 64, 65, 66,68-70, 79; Weitbrecht's disillusionment with, 125. See also Bell Telephone answering services, 61,93. See also telephone relay services APCOM. See Applied Communications Corporation Applied Communications Corporation (APCOM): ATC-2 modem competition and, 116-17, 118, 123; Lee Brody and, 110; closing of, 176, 177; conflict with ESSCO Communications , 126-27; deaf self-advocacy, 119-20; declining position of, 159, 162-63, 168-70; demand for TTYs, 75-76; financial losses, 85; founding of, 7l-72, 73-74; London project, 231 232 I IN DEX Applied Communications Corporation (continued) 131, 134-35, 154-56, 161; Saks and, 191; TDI and, 82-83; TTY distribution and, 107; visual displays and, 110; Weitbrecht and, 96, 98-99, 102-3, 147 Arend, Marvin, 194 Argila, Carl, 113-15 ASCII code, 32,46,48-49, 164, 175, 207n. 1, 217n. 9 Ashley, Jack, 155-56, 157 ATC-2 modem, 116, 119, 123-24 AT&T. See American Telephone and Telegraph Audiophone, 207 n. 9 "autographic telegraph," 205 n. 1 Babbini, Barbara, 170 Bakke, Karl, 157 Banks, Fred, 171 Barrientos, Cesar, 163 Baudot code, 32,46-49,121,164,207 n. 1,216-17 nn. 8, 9 Bell, Alexander Graham, 21-22,42 Bell Telephone: Audiophone, 207 n. 9; demonstrations against, 158-59; modem loudness and, 31, 94; Picturephone , 35-36, 37,38; telecommunications devices for the deaf, 57, 58, 69-70, 85, 112-13, 125; television by wire, 208 n. 4; Trimline telephone , 147; video telephone technology, 36. See also American Telephone and Telegraph Bernstein, Mark, 90 Bernstein, William, 49, 101 blind persons: TTYs for, 55, 150-52, 151 Blue Book directory, 188 Bowe, Frank, 160-61 Braille TTY, 150-52, 151 Brandt, Richard P., 217n. 9 Breakthrough Trust, 134, 136, 172 Brenner, Steve, 173 Breunig, H. Latham, 59, 102, 117, 131; A G. Bell Association and, 38-39; AT&T and, 66, 112; first TTY use by, 37-38; human interest stories and, 127-28; TDI and, 79, 80, 8081 ,82,83,127,149-50,170; TTY installation for, 52 British Association of the Hard of Hearing , 135 British Columbia Telephone Company, 132 Brody, I. Lee, 101-2, 103, 110, 116, 117, 120, 150-52, 162 Brown, Anthony Burton, 133 Brown, Edmund G., Jr., 172 Buchans, John, 43 Buckley, Wally, 42 Califano, Joseph A, Jr., 160, 161 California: state relay service, 185, 186; TTY availability, 172 California School for the Deaf, 107, 110 Caligiuri, Florian A, 157 Callvert, Ronald S., 120-21 Canada, 131-32 Captioned Films for the Deaf, 61, 62, 105, 148 Carmel, Simon, 132 Carney, Edward, 105, 114 Carter Electronics, 69. See also Carterfone Carterfone, 66, 69, 75 Castle, Diane, 162 Castle, William E., 162 CCITT V,21, 217 n. 9 Chertok, Barbara, 159, 168, 170 Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company, 90, 121, 194 Civil Rights Act, 35 Clark, Richard, 124 Clinton, Bill, and...