Cruel and Unusual: The American Death Penalty and the Founders’ Eighth Amendment

Index

417 Index abolition: antigallows societies, 273–75; in foreign countries, 9, 43–46, 64, 247, 278, 287, 291, 346; incremental, 26; movement, 6, 9, 31, 34, 64, 66, 69, 79, 81–82, 149, 192, 258, 269, 273–76, 277–78, 284–91, 318, 335–36, 340, 342–48; organizations, 284, 286; in peacetime, 64, 290; in U.S., 6, 222, 273–75, 277–78, 324, 347; in wartime, 290; worldwide, 64, 286–91. See also specific countries, organizations, and states Academy of Fists, 34 accomplice liability, 199, 239 Açoka (king), 45 Adams, Abigail, 61–62, 111, 114 Adams, Betsy, 99 Adams, John, 51, 133–34, 139; on American Revolution, 333; and Beccaria, 50, 93; and Benjamin Rush, 53, 57, 66, 73–74, 85, 91–93, 102, 180; on death penalty, 9, 56, 62–63, 262; and Declaration of Independence, 103; as diplomat , 113; on duels, 138; on French Revolution, 111–12; on independent judiciary, 179, 319–20, 346; on juries, 117; and Massachusetts constitution, 177, 179–80; on natural law, 121, 179; pardons of, 59–60, 136–37; on punishment of parricides, 267; on rebellion, 114; on revenge, 61–62; on tyranny, 50; use of ‘‘cruel’’/‘‘cruelty,’’ 60–61, 120–21, 184, 333; and Voltaire, 41 Adams, John Quincy, 50, 63–64, 92, 273–74 Adams, Samuel, 99, 105, 168, 179 Adams, Thomas, 50 adultery, as capital crime, 80, 89, 173, 265–67, 270, 287 Advocates for Human Rights, 235 Afghanistan, executions in, 64, 287 Africa, 131, 198; executions in, 64, 286– 88; transportation to, 144. See also Barbary states; North Africa African Americans: on death row, 224; exclusion from juries, 224; execution of, 3, 156, 229, 284; exoneration of, 236; lynching of, 3, 335; right to vote, 204, 342; treatment of, 275, 304, 307. See also racial discrimination; slave trade; slavery; slaves African Commission on Human and Peoples ’ Rights, 287 Age of Reason, The, 108 ‘‘aggravating’’ factors/circumstances, 5, 133, 201–2, 222, 256, 283, 326 aiding runaway slaves, as capital crime, 270 Alabama, 283, 290–91; abolition efforts in, 274; death penalty law, 325; death row inmates, 224, 235; executions in, 223; exoneration in, 233; lawyers disciplined in, 233; treatment of slaves in, 217, 313 Alaska, abolition in, 278 Albania, abolition in, 64 alcohol (ab)use, 248–49, 251–53 Aldgate, 175 Aldridge, John, 188 Alien and Sedition Acts, 59 Amandagamani (king), 45 Amar, Akhil, 94–95, 118, 176, 308 amercements, 171, 214 American Bar Association, 236, 261, 284– 85 American Civil Liberties Union, 261, 336 American Convention on Human Rights, 289–90 American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, 289–90 418 | Index American Medical Association, 258–59 American Museum, 74, 77 American Nurses Association, 258 American Philosophical Society, 66 American Psychiatric Association, 258, 261 American Psychological Association, 258, 261 American Public Health Association, 258 American Revolution, 33, 61, 79, 91, 97– 100, 108, 110, 139, 165, 269, 276, 305, 320, 333, 337, 339–41 American Society of Anesthesiologists, 259 Amistad, The, 274 Amnesty International, 284, 287, 336 Amsterdam, Anthony, 1, 3–4 Amsterdam, mob in, 91 anarchy: fear/risk of, 114, 269, 341; state/ times of, 38, 139 Anderson, Andrew, 60 André, John, 135–36 Angola, abolition in, 64 animal(s): euthanasia, 238, 245; prosecution /execution of, 267; use in executions , 211, 265 Annan, Kofi, 288 Annan, Robert, 77 Anne (queen), 88, 301 antidueling laws/movement, 208, 335–36 Anti-Federalists, 162, 176, 186, 299, 319, 322 antigallows movement. See abolition antilynching laws/movement, 2, 276, 289, 335 antipsychotic medications, 251, 254–55 antislavery: literature, distribution of, 267; sentiment/societies, 2, 81, 270, 274 Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, 233, 250 Antoinette, Marie (queen), 62, 147 apostasy, as capital crime, 286 appeal(s), 228, 310; abandonment of, 225; direct, 234–35. See also errors; habeas corpus Arave v. Creech, 202 arbitrariness: and Bill of Rights, 316; and due process, 205, 207, 215–16, 293, 309–10; and Eighth Amendment, 215; and English law, 94, 173, 293, 319; and executions, 5, 283, 285, 308, 310, 326, 337, 344–46; James Madison on, 261; judicial disdain of, 55, 216, 283, 285, 310, 323. See also death sentences; Due Process Clause(s); execution(s) Arizona: death row inmates, 224–25 Arkansas: corporal punishments in, 242; death row inmates, 224; murder in, 254 Arnold, Benedict, 127, 135–36, 146 Arouet, François-Marie. See Voltaire Arsenault, Henry, 227 arson: abolition for, 88; as capital crime, 2, 88, 90, 270 Art of Virtue, The...