Claiming Space: Racialization in Canadian Cities

Index

A Aboriginal peoples, 12, 25, 149n3; as excluded /marginalized in urban areas, 155, 159–60; and gambling, as seen from racial perspective, 158–59; as linked to crime, 162–63, 168; as “Others,” 159; racism towards , 159, 166–67. See also casinos, Aboriginal ; Enoch Cree Nation; reserves, Aboriginal Aird, Elizabeth, 21–22, 23, 32, 35–36, 37, 38 African-Canadian francophone youth: backgrounds of, 93, 98n5, 99nn6–8; black culture/English, as adopted by, 91– 92, 94, 98n5; cultural/linguistic code-switching by, 94–95, 97; gender differences among, 96; original languages spoken by, 93; as products of Old and New Identities, 93– 95, 97; racism towards, 97; self-identity of, as black, 85, 90, 91–93, 97; and third space concept, 90, 93–96, 97 Afro-Caribbean immigrants. See Caribbean immigrants, in Toronto Alberta First Nations Gaming Policy, 157, 158, 166, 168n2 Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission (aglo), 154, 157, 161, 168n2, 168n3 anti-Semitism, 43–44; Jewish neighbourhoods /spaces, as refuges from, 47, 48–50, 53, 54, 56, 57; and rise of ghettos, 46–47, 50–51 Ashkenazi Jews, 60n1, 61n4; as “authentic,” 45; racialization of, 43–45; as white ethnic group, 45 Ashkenazi Jews, in Toronto: and acculturation /assimilation of Sephardic community , 41–42, 51–53, 55, 57, 59; as “authentic ,” 52–53, 59, 60, 61n7; Bathurst Street, as significant space of, 49, 53–54, 55–56; dominance of, 41–42, 50, 51, 55; safe spaces for, 48–50; settlement of, 48–50; synagogue architecture of, 58–59; as white ethnic group, 48, 51 Asian Canadians, 11, 19–21; media campaigns against, 21–23; as “Others,” 23–24, 27, 33–34, 35, 36, 173–74; as targets of “moral panic,” 11, 19, 22–24, 31, 32–38. See also Chinese Canadians; Japanese Canadians ; Richmond (British Columbia) B Baker, Jackae, 123–24, 125, 130–31 Bathurst Street (Toronto), 49, 53–54, 55–56 Bill C-44 (Immigration Act amendment), 109, 115–16 Black English as a Second Language (besl), 91, 92, 94 black drag queens, in Toronto: and black masculinity, 122–23, 126–28, 130, 131–32; and critique of circuit party scene, 130– 31; and critique of white gay community, 124, 127–28, 131; diasporic experience of, 123–24; documentary film on, 122, 123–28, 130; as doubly marginalized, 126; labour of, 125, 127, 132; and queer space, 128–31; and role of humour, 128 black homosexuality: and black masculinity , 122–23, 126–28, 130; and “creole 197 INDEX space,” 129; as diasporic experience, 129; as expressed in art, 127–28; as form of labour, 122, 132; and gay ghetto, as confining /marginalizing space, 124–25, 131; as metropolitan culture, 121–22 black homosexuals, in Toronto, 122; and Blockorama (Gay Pride event), 129; and Citytv, 126; and gay ghetto, as confining/ marginalizing space, 124–25, 131; queer spaces of, as “creole,” 129–31 black identity: as adopted from popular culture, 91–92, 97, 98n5; as imposed by dominant culture, 83–86, 97; masculinity , as part of, 122–23, 126–28, 130 blacks: as identified solely by colour, 83–85; as “Others,” 83; spaces of, in Toronto, 7. See also African-Canadian francophone youth; Caribbean immigrants, in Toronto Black Skin, White Masks (Fanon), 121–22, 127 Blockorama (Toronto black Gay Pride event), 129 British Columbia, Asian Canadians in, 11, 19–21; media campaigns against, 21–23; as “Others,” 23–24, 27, 33–34, 35, 36; as targets of “moral panic,” 11, 19, 22–24, 31, 32– 38. See also Chinese Canadians; Japanese Canadians; Richmond (British Columbia) C Calgary, Greek community in. See Greek immigrants, in Calgary; Hellenic Community Centre; Hellenic Community of Calgary and District Canadian Jewish News, 42–43 Canadian Multiculturalism Act, 7, 47 Caribana (Toronto), 3, 105, 112 Caribbean immigrants, in Toronto: and Caribana, 105, 112; and cultural retention, 102–103, 109–11; and deportation, 108–109, 115–16; as domestic workers, 106, 108–109; generational differences of, 107; and “mainstream” culture, 103–105; and nostalgia for homeland, 106–109; and sense of loss, as disappearing, 109–110 casinos, Aboriginal: in Canada, 157–58; and revenue for charities, 157–58, 166; as threats to other casinos, 165–67; in U.S., 155–56, 168n1; as way of addressing poverty /social problems, 155–57 cbc News Forum (Vancouver), 19, 25, 32–38 Chapman, Alfred, 58–59, 61–62n13 Charter of Cities of Asylum, 113 Chinatown (Vancouver), 136–37, 142–48; as ghetto, 142–45; incest within, 147; as space of excluded “Others,” 142–44...