Freedom's Children: The 1938 Labor Rebellion and the Birth of Modern Jamaica

Notes

363 notes Abbreviations BM Bustamante Museum, Kingston, Jamaica CO Records of the Colonial Office, Commonwealth and Foreign and Commonwealth Offices, British National Archives, London DG Daily Gleaner, Kingston, Jamaica JA Jamaica Archives, Spanish Town, Jamaica NA-DS National Archives, U.S. Department of State, Record Group 59, College Park, Md. NMP Norman Manley Papers, Jamaica Archives, Spanish Town, Jamaica Introduction 1. For a discussion of Bustamante’s genealogy and early life, see George Eaton, Alexander Bustamante and Modern Jamaica (Kingston: Kingston Publishers Limited , 1973), 1–16. 2. Norman Manley’s early life is also discussed in Rex Nettleford, ed., Manley and the New Jamaica: Selected Speeches and Writings, 1938–1968 (London: London Caribbean Limited, 1971). 3. “Lecturer Outlines Problems of History,” DG, January 24, 1957, 9. Augier was one of my mentors at the university. Chapter One 1. “Down the Union Jack, up the Black, Gold, and Green,” DG, August 8, 1962, 1. 2. A useful summary of Jamaica’s constitutional development is found in “History of the Constitution of Jamaica,” CO 137/847/7. 3. O. Nigel Bolland, On the March: Labour Rebellions in the British Caribbean, 1934–39 (Kingston: Ian Randle Publishers; London: James Currey Publishers, 1995), 7. 4. Arthur Richards to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, February 24, 1939, CO 137/834/7. 5. Arthur Richards to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, April 22, 1939, CO 137/834/7. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid. 9. “The Jamaica People,” editorial, DG, March 13, 1939, 12. 364 | Notes to Pages 13–24 10. Eighth Census of Jamaica and Dependencies (Kingston: Government Printer, 1945), LXIX. See also, “What the Census Tells,” DG, February 10, 1944, 1, 4. 11. Eighth Census of Jamaica and Dependencies, 3. 12. See “The National Income of Jamaica, 1942,” a bulletin prepared by Frederic Benham and located in CO 137/865/5. 13. “Report by Orde Browne,” July 18, 1939, CO 137/835/2. See also “Major Orde Browne’s Report on Conditions in Jamaica,” DG, August 9, 1939, 18, 19; and “Major Orde Browne’s Report,” DG, August, 16, 1939, 8. 14. “Report by Orde Browne.” 15. “Report on Unemployment in Jamaica,” April 20, 1936, CO 137/811/13. The commission reported that 12,721 Jamaicans were “repatriated” to the island between 1930 and 1934. They came principally from Cuba, Panama, and Costa Rica. In addition, 15,500 persons returned voluntarily during the same period. The two groups of returnees brought 3,000 children with them. Finding it difficult to obtain employment on the island, many of these people participated in the 1938 labor rebellion. 16. Editorial, DG, January 5, 1938, 10. 17. “Report on Unemployment in Jamaica.” For a very detailed analysis of the working population of Jamaica in 1943, see Eighth Census of Jamaica and Dependencies , 148–212. See also James Carnegie, Some Aspects of Jamaican Politics, 1918–1938 (Kingston: Institute of Jamaica, 1973), 21. 18. Patrick E. Bryan and Karl Watson, eds., Not for Wages Alone: Eyewitness Summaries of the 1939 Labour Rebellion in Jamaica (Mona: University of the West Indies Press, 2003), 64. 19. Ibid., 138–39 20. Ibid., 122. 21. Ibid., 112. 22. Ibid., 109. 23. Eighth Census of Jamaica and Dependencies, XCI–CII. 24. Ibid. 25. Bryan and Watson, Not for Wages Alone, 130. 26. For a discussion of Robert Rumble’s role in the search for land, see Ken Post, Arise Ye Starvelings: The Jamaican Labour Rebellion of 1938 and Its Aftermath (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1978), 248–49. For a fine discussion of land settlement schemes in Jamaica, see Marleen A. Bartley, “Land Settlement in Jamaica, 1923–1949,” in Jamaica in Slavery and Freedom: History, Heritage, and Culture, ed. Kathleen Monteith and Glen Richards (Kingston: University of West Indies Press, 2002), 324–39. 27. Abigail B. Bakan, Ideology and Class Conflict in Jamaica (Montreal and Kingston : McGill-Queens University Press, 1990). See also Post, Arise Ye Starvelings, 6. 28. See Bakan, Ideology and Class Conflict in Jamaica, and Post, Arise Ye Starvelings. 29. For the text of the Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World, see William L. Van Deburg, ed., Modern Black Nationalism: From Marcus Garvey to Louis Farrakhan (New York: New York University Press, 1997), 23–31. See also Notes to Pages 25–32 | 365 Tony Martin, Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal...