The American Synthetic Organic Chemicals Industry: War and Politics, 1910-1930

Notes

295 Notes Abbreviations ADR American Dyestuff Reporter BFDC RG 151, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, NARA CCOHC Columbia Center for Oral History Collection, Columbia University CHH Charles H. Herty Papers, Emory University DCM Drug and Chemical Markets DHC Dow Historical Collection, Chemical Heritage Foundation Archives ERS Papers of Edward Reilly Stettinius Sr., University of Virginia FPG Francis P. Garvan Collection, University of Wyoming, American Heritage Center IEC Industrial and Engineering Chemistry JIEC Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry MCE Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering NARA National Archives and Records Administration (USA) OPDR Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter WDM Weekly Drug Markets Introduction 1. “Giant U-Boat Held to Be a Trader,” New York Times, July 11, 1916, pp. 1–2; “Navy Experts Say Giant Submarine is Merchantman,” New York Times, July 12, 1916, pp. 1–2; “German Undersea Merchantman Sets Long-Distance Record for Submarine Transocean Trip,” Washington Post, July 10, 1916, p. 1. Despite its solecisms, the Washington Post article suggests the tone of the day: “The Germans of Baltimore are celebrating in true German style the arrival of the Deutschland instead of singing ‘Deutschland Uber Alles’ it is ‘Deutschland Unter Alles,’ since Germany has come to them under, instead of over the sea. Its no longer the ‘flying Dutchman,’ but ‘the diving Dutchman.’” Messimer, The Merchant U-Boat: Adventures of the Deutschland, 1916–1918, 48–73. The Deutschland made a second trip in November 1916, this time to New London, Connecticut, and it carried pharmaceuticals as well as dyes on that voyage. 2. Winter, ed., The Legacy of the Great War: Ninety Years On, provides a helpful overview of recent scholarly literature on World War I. For an engaging one-volume history of the war and its global dimensions, see Eric Dorn Brose, A History of the Great War: World War One and the International Crisis of the Early Twentieth Century. Brose notes historians’ skepticism that all-out unrestricted submarine warfare against merchant 296 / notes to pages 3–10 ships would have defeated the British, even in the absence of American allies (207–8). Niall Ferguson’s The Pity of War offers a controversial and interesting counterfactual speculation—that, had the British decided to stay out of the war in 1914, Europe would have followed a more peaceful twentieth-century route to integration. 3. Edgerton, The Shock of the Old: Technology and Global History Since 1900, 143. Fussell , The Great War and Modern Memory, is the classic account of the war’s lasting cultural impact. The most complete account of gas warfare in World War I is Haber, The Poisonous Cloud. Essays covering the production of a wider range of military chemicals are found in MacLeod and Johnson, eds., Frontline and Factory: Comparative Perspectives on the Chemical Industry at War, 1914–1924. 4. Galambos, The Creative Society, especially 54–56. 5. Galambos (The Creative Society) is one of those scholars, as is Skowronek (Building a New American State). 6. Report of the Alien Property Custodian, 1918–1919, 9. 7. Palmer testimony in Senate Committee on Appropriations, Urgent Deficiency Appropriation Bill (1918), 6; Coben, A. Mitchell Palmer: Politician. 8. Report of the Alien Property Custodian, 1918–1919, 14, 25, 17. 9. “Francis P. Garvan, Lawyer, Dies Here,” New York Times, November 8, 1937, p. 23. Garvan and his wife, Mabel Brady Garvan, became avid art collectors; Whalen discusses them in “American Decorative Art Studies at Yale and Winterthur.” 10. Steen, “Patents, Patriotism, and ‘Skilled in the Art.’” 11. O’Rourke and Williamson, Globalization and History: The Evolution of a NineteenthCentury Atlantic Economy; James, The End of Globalization, 5, 12. In Obstfeld and Taylor, Global Capital Markets: Integration, Crisis, and Growth, 27–28, the authors note that only in the very late twentieth century did capital markets regain the level of mobility they had in 1914. 12. Beer, The Emergence of the German Dye Industry; Wilkins, The History of Foreign Investment in the United States to 1914; Steen, “Confiscated Commerce: American Importers of German Synthetic Organic Chemicals, 1914–1929.” 13. Wilkins, The History of Foreign Investment in the United States, 1914–1945, xiii. 14. Jones, “The End of Nationality? Global Firms and ‘Borderless Worlds.’” 15. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910, vol. 1, Population , chap. 8, p. 875; Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925, 208–9. David M. Kennedy discusses the United States in World War I more generally in Over Here: The First World War and American...