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259 GLOSSARY abjad (Arabic): the alphabet, especially arranged in numerological order adab (Arabic): etiquette, manners, training, education ʿajamī (Arabic): non-Arab; refers here to African languages written in Arabic script ʿālim (Arabic) (pl. ʿulamāʾ): learned or knowledgeable person almaami (Fula): Fula rendering of the Arabic al-imām, leader or guide alwāḥ (Arabic): wooden boards for Qurʾan learning (Wolof, àlluwa) baraka (Arabic): blessing, grace, benediction, divinely derived power (Wolof, barke) basmala (Arabic): invocation of God’s name, bismillah, usually upon beginning a task bāṭin (Arabic): hidden or concealed, esoteric knowledge bayḍān or bīḍān (Arabic): “white,” racial designation, salient after 1600 in West Africa ceddo (Wolof): enslaved warrior caste; from ceɗɗo (Fula, sing.; pl. seɓɓe) ceerno (Fula): Qurʾan teacher, cleric; closely related etymologically to Wolof, sëriñ daara (Wolof): Qurʾan School; from Arabic dār al-Qurʾān, house of the Qurʾan daara tarbiya (Wolof): training school, a male Murid institution focused on work dāʾira (Arabic): circle or group; in Wolof, a religious association, daayira or kurél duʿā’ (Arabic): supplication, call on God, prayer distinct from ritual ṣalāt duɗal (Fula) (pl. dude): hearth, Qurʾan school, referring to firelight studies école arabe (French): modern Arabic school; also école franco-arabe, médérsa école française (French): school using French as the main medium for instruction fiqh (Arabic): Islamic law as a discipline in the curriculum of Islamic study Fuutanke (Fula) (pl. Fuutankoobe): inhabitant of Fuuta Tooro in Senegal River Valley gariibu (Fula): young, beginning Qurʾan student; derived from verb meaning “to beg” hadiyya (Arabic): gift, esp. the gifts given to Qurʾan teachers, clerics, and Sufi shaykhs hāfiẓ (Arabic) (pl. huffāẓ): keeper or guardian; Wolof, kàŋ; (ḥifẓ) memorization ḥubb (Arabic): love, especially affection and kindness to teachers as a social value ʿilm (Arabic) (pl. ʿulūm): knowledge, discipline or field of study in Islamic curriculum jaam (Wolof): slave or slaves; in Fula, maccuɗo and rimayɓe janng (Fula): read, study, or learn; Wolof, jàng (learn), jàngal (teach) julli (Wolof): Muslim ritual prayer; jullit: Muslim, Pious Person; from Fula, juul khidma (Arabic): service, especially voluntary labor offered to a teacher or cleric kuttāb (Arabic): writing place, Middle Eastern term for Qurʾan school madhhab (Arabic) (pl. madhāhib): school of Islamic jurisprudence or legal rite 260 | Glossary madrasa (Arabic): place of study, formal school, especially in medieval Middle East maḥw (Arabic): erasure, “holy water” made by washing Qurʾan verses from alwāḥ majlis al-ʿilm (Arabic): knowledge session, classical format for advanced study marabout (French): Muslim religious leader or notable; from Arabic mrābiṭ médérsa (French): French colonial Islamic school; from Arabic madrasa moodibo (Fula) (pl. moodibaaɓe): scholar, educator; from Arabic muʾaddib murīd (Arabic): spiritual aspirant, seeker of God, technical term in Sufism ndongo (Wolof): Qurʾan school student, equivalent of taalibé njàngaan (Wolof): live-in Qurʾan student, alms-seeking trip by Qurʾan school qāḍī (Arabic): judge, historically in West Africa, often nonstate arbitrators saafara (Wolof): remedy, especially Qurʾan water referred to as kiis; see also maḥw ṣadaqa (Arabic): voluntary or expiatory alms, especially to taalibés; Wolof, sarax sëriñ (Wolof): Qurʾan teacher, cleric, evangelist; likely from Arabic bashirīn sūdān (Arabic): blacks, dark-skinned Africans; bilād al-sūdān: lands of the blacks sūdānī (Arabic) (adjectival form): black, from the bilād al-sūdān, African sunna (Arabic): well-trod path, normative example, especially of the Prophet taalibé (Wolof): Qurʾan learner, disciple of religious leader; from Arabic ṭālib taalibo (Fula): advanced Qurʾan learner, student of religious sciences; from Arabic ṭālib tafsīr (Arabic): Qurʾan exegesis, among final fields broached in classical curriculum takfīr (Arabic): to call a Muslim a nonbeliever, verbal excommunication tamsiir (Fula) or tafsiir: Qurʾan exegete, scholar, religious official; from Arabic tafsīr ṭarīqa (Arabic) (pl. ṭuruq): path, way, method, technical term for a Sufi order taṣawwuf (Arabic): the science (or discipline) of spiritual excellence, Sufism téere (Wolof): book, but especially written talisman; Songhay, tira yalwaan (Wolof): seeking alms, ritual mendicancy yar (Wolof): lash, whip, switch; to raise or educate, moral education and discipline ẓāhir (Arabic): manifest or apparent, exoteric knowledge ...

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