The Fruits of Their Labor: Atlantic Coast Farmworkers and the Making of Migrant Poverty, 1870-1945

Index

Index _1. __...- r ___~ ==-' r ___ ~--..Addams , Jane, 61 AFL. See American Federation of Labor African Americans, 6, 12, 28, 217 (n. 18) -during Progressive Era: compared to Italians, 32; migration within the South, 33; migration north before World War I, 33-37, 39, 210 (nn. 57, 61); reformers' attitudes toward, 59-60, 76-77; gains of, 83-84,217 (n. 13); and growers' reactions to, 84-85, 217 (n. 17); and illiteracy rate of, 210 (n. 65) -during World War I: effects of outbreak on, 85; migration to Connecticut, 85-86; Great Migration of, 86-88; migration from Georgia, 88; opportunities for in South, 88-90; and white media's reaction to, 90-91; African American press's reaction to, 91-92; blamed for labor scarcity in South, 99-103; as objects ofwork-or-fight campaigns, 104-8; defended by U.S. Department of Labor, 108-9; and Bureau of Negro Economics, 109-11; resistance to forced labor campaigns, 111-12 -during Great Depression, 114-16; as victims of hurricane, 118; migration from Georgia to Florida, 12430 ; migration up coast, 130-31; and crew leader system, 131-32; as harvest workers in NewJersey, 132-37; at Campbell Soup, 141; at Seabrook Farms, 141-50; and collective bargaining law, 151; as strikers in depression era Florida, 154 -during World War II: as objects of forced labor campaigns, 9, 16465 ; as residents ofFSA migrant labor camps, 156-62; militance of, 171-72; displaced by Caribbean importees, 175-77; at Seabrook Farms, 184; at Campbell Soup, 191; as part of union-organized migration, 192-96 -since World War II: supplanted by immigrant labor, 200-201, 203-4; as strikebreakers, 201; tuberculosis rate among, 201-2 Agricultural Adjustment Administration , 8-9, 146-47, 155. See also New Deal; U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural and Cannery Workers' Industrial Union, 142-46, 148-50, 182,232 (n. 20) Agricultural Extension Service, 167, 173 Agricultural labor. See Labor/ Laborers, agricultural 275 Agricultural settlements, 62-66, 70-72 Aitken, Douglas, 143, 145, 148-49 Alabama, 23, 101, 104, 107, 109, lll, 163 Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen of North America, 183-98, 242 (n. 4), 243 (n. 10) American Farm Bureau Federation, 10-11,133,167,171,173,188,207 (nn. 12, 13) American Federation of Labor, 61, 69-70, 139, 223 (n. 112) Anti-enticement laws, 6, 91, 92, 219 (n. 54), 243 (n. 17) Arizona, 169, 178 Arkansas, 110-11, 120, 188-89,243 (n. 17) Associated Farmers, 173 Bahamians, ll8, 123-24, 128, 172,175-77,188,190,200,227 (n. 37). See also Immigrants Baldwin, C. B., 167 Banks, W C., 192-93 Barbadians, 196. See also Immigrants Belle Glade, Fl., 3-4,120-22, 125-30, 156-62, 200-201, 229 (nn. 58, 60) Betton, F. R., 192 Birdseye, 141 Bonanza farms, 15-18,56, 117 Bossatura, 41-42. See also Padroni Bracero program. See Farm Security Administration- Labor Importation Program Bridgeton, NJ., 140, 143-46, 149, 157-58 Brown,]. Pope, 60, 214 (n. ll) Brown,Jerry, 141-42 Brown, William L., 143-46 Bruere, Robert W, 66 Bureau of Agricultural Economics, 163 Bureau of Immigration. See US. Department of Labor Bureau of Negro Economics, 88. See also US. Department of Labor-during World War I Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 80, 96, 199 Burgess, David, 2,176,190-94 California, 62, 72-78, 139, 155, 160-61, 169, 188,200. See also West Coast Campbell Soup, 141, 170, 190-93, 243 (nn. 9,17) Cance, Alexander, 63-64 Canning: rise of, 89; workers and National Industrial Recovery Act, 138, 147; workers organize in New Jersey, 141-42, 183-98; workers and National Labor Relations Act, 153-54. See also Campbell Soup; Seabrook Farms; Unions Carter, W S., 70 Children: in pre-World War I Georgia , 83; as victims of labor violence , 144, 146; as provided for by FSA camps, 160-62. See also Labor/Laborers, agriculturalchild ; US. Boys' Working Reserve Chinese, 98, 200 CIO. See Congress of Industrial Organizations CIR. See Commission on Industrial Relations Citrus industry, 29, 139,224 (n. 6) Civil War, 16-18,26 Claghorn, Kate, 67 Collective bargaining, 8, 12-13; under National Industrial Recovery Act, 138; farmworkers' denied right of, 138-40, 146-50, 234 (nn. 36, 42); under National Labor Relations Act, 148, 151, 153-54,235 (nn. 3, 5); and FSA migratory labor camps, 1(j2-63, 170-72; prohibition against, 173INDEX [18.223.0.53] Project MUSE (2024...