Notes Abbreviations In addition to the abbreviations found in the text, the following source abbreviations are used in the notes. AAG Acting Adjutant General AG Adjutant General AM Archives of Manitoba, Winnipeg BW Black Worker (New York) CPA Canadian Pacific Archives, Montreal, Quebec DND Department of National Defence DT Dawn of Tomorrow (Hamilton, Ont.) EEJ Edmonton (Alta.) Evening Journal HCD House of Commons Debates IBR Immigration Branch Records, Library and Archives of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario LAC Library and Archives of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario LG Department of Labour, Labour Gazette LH Lethbridge (Alta.) Herald LC Library of Congress MD Militia and Defence Collection, Library and Archives of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario MFP Manitoba Free Press (Winnipeg) NYT New York Times PANS Public Archives of Nova Scotia, Halifax Introduction 1. Manitoba Daily Free Press (Winnipeg), 2 July 1886. 2. Bonar, Montreal and the Inauguration of Trans-Canada Transportation; MFP, 2 July 1886. 3. W. F. Salisbury to Mrs. Salisbury, 5 July 1886, RG31 CPA. 4. Mayor H. S. Wesbrook’s speech as quoted in Manitoba Daily Free Press, 2 July 1886. 5. Ibid. 6. There has always been some controversy over the terms used to refer to people of African descent. Given that blacks in Canada were ethnically diverse, no single term accurately captures their nuanced identities. Here, all black people in Canada will be referred to as either ‘‘black’’ or ‘‘African Canadian,’’ regardless of citizenship status. When making specific reference to those born elsewhere, I will refer to them ethnically—e.g., African Americans, West Indians, or Jamaicans. 7. LH, 22 March 1911; MFP, 27 March 1911. 220 Notes to Pages 6–14 8. Greaves, National Problems in Canada, 70–73; Murphy, Black Candle. 9. Maclean’s, 15 May 1922, 13. 10. Census of Canada, 1931, 1:247. 11. See, for example, Shortt and Doughty, Canada and Its Provinces, vol. 1, Immigration by Races, by William D. Scott; EEJ, 8 April 1911; and MFP, 27 March 1911. 12. Manitoba Daily Free Press, 29 June 1886. 13. Sir John A. Macdonald as quoted in Den Otter, Philosophy of Railways, 6. 14. Berton, National Dream: The Last Spike. 15. Ibid., 9. 16. Balibar and Wallerstein, Race, Nation, Class, 71–103. 17. Trout and Trout, Railways of Canada, 72, 127. 18. Ibid., 58–59. 19. Ibid. The son of American Loyalists who immigrated to Nova Scotia, Howe served as editor of the Nova Scotian between 1828 and 1841 before leading the opposition to Confederation (1866–68). He was later elected to the House of Commons (1869–73) and then served as lieutenant governor-general for Nova Scotia (1873–74). Canadian Encyclopedia, 1109. 20. Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Canada Yearbook, 1906, 285. 21. Cruise and Gri≈ths, Lords of the Line. With the exception of George Stephen, who was born in Great Britain, all the other captains of the railway industry listed were born in the United States but made their name and career in Canada. Accordingly, I refer to them here as ‘‘Canadian’’ railway barons. 22. Celebrations of the first transcontinental train conveniently ignored that the Maritimes were amputated from Canada’s transcontinental vision, this despite making up more than 50 percent of the Confederation’s partnership. The Pacific Express departed for Port Moody, British Columbia, from Montreal on 28 June 1886. 23. Holt, Grand Trunk in New England, 83. 24. Canadian Illustrated News (Montreal), August 1870. 25. Agreement between Pullman Palace Company and Grand Trunk Railway of Canada, 1 August 1870, CNR, RG30-12680, LAC. 26. Vaughan, Life and Work of Sir William Van Horne, 50–55, 64–75. 27. F. C. Blair, Ottawa, to W. Gillan, Montreal, 11 July 1923, IBR, 816222, LAC. 28. J. Pierson, ‘‘William Van Horne and the Canadian Pacific Railway,’’ pt. 1, n.d., Van Horne Papers, MG29-A60, LAC. 29. Bederman, Manliness and Civilization, 1–44. 30. Santino, ‘‘Miles of Smiles, Years of Struggle.’’ 31. Sladen, On the Cars and O√, 216. 32. Ibid., 216–18. 33. Chateauvert, Marching Together, 1–19. 34. Sladen, On the Cars and O√, 218–19; Roper, By Track and Trail. 35. Katz, Black West. 36. Lee, At America’s Gates, 44–45. There was no shortage of hysteria over the arrival of Chinese, Japanese, and East Indian migrants in Canada either, and those populations faced virulent racism, especially in the western provinces. See McKeown, Melancholy Order, and McGee, Laqian, and Aquan, Silent Debate. 37. Dan Williams, an irascible former Virginia or Georgia slave turned fur trader, came to...