Cities of the Dead: Contesting the Memory of the Civil War in the South, 1865-1914

Notes

NOTES abbreviations Duke Perkins Library, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina HL Handley Library, Winchester, Virginia HU University Archives and University Museum, Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia LC Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. LV Library of Virginia, Richmond MHS Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston MC Museum of the Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia NARA National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C. UVA Alderman Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville VHS Virginia Historical Society, Richmond introduction 1. Hobsbawm, ‘‘Mass Producing Traditions,’’ 263–64. Some works by American scholars who have looked at public ceremonies include Waldstreicher, In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes; Davis, Parades and Power; Travers, Celebrating the Fourth; Kachun, Festivals of Freedom; Clark, ‘‘Celebrating Freedom.’’ 2. Buck, Road to Reunion. 3. Osterweis, Myth of the Lost Cause; Wilson, Baptized in Blood; Foster, Ghosts of the Confederacy. Some histories of the South did contain hints of the importance of Confederate tradition for the road to segregation. See, for instance, Woodward, Origins of the New South, 51. 4. Van Zelm, ‘‘On the Front Lines of Freedom’’; Clark, ‘‘Celebrating Freedom,’’ 121 (quotation); Kachun, Festivals of Freedom. 5. Blight, Race and Reunion, 2. 6. Kousser, Shaping of Southern Politics, 28. 7. Hobsbawm makes this distinction of o≈cial and uno≈cial. See his ‘‘Mass-Producing Traditions,’’ 263. 210 Notes to Pages 11–24 chapter one 1. ‘‘Holidays,’’ North American Review 84 (April 1857): 335. 2. For the use of ceremonies to support a ruling elite as part of a nationstate , see Hobsbawm and Rangers, Invention of Tradition, esp. 1–14. For the contested meaning of ceremonies, see Waldstreicher, In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes; Kachun, Festivals of Freedom; Rael, Black Identity and Black Protest, chap. 2; Shane White, ‘‘ ‘Proud Day’ ’’; Travers, Celebrating the Fourth; Piehler, Remembering War, 35–36, 44–45. 3. Waldstreicher, ‘‘Rites of Rebellion, Rites of Assent.’’ 4. Gilje, Road to Mobocracy, 23. For an extended analysis of the culture of plebeians and patricians, see Thompson, ‘‘Patricians and Plebs,’’ in his Customs in Common. 5. Gilje, Road to Mobocracy, 42. 6. Baker, A√airs of Party, 292–302. 7. Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll, 573–76. 8. Ibid., 576; Colored American (Augusta, Ga.), January 13, 1866. 9. For the nonpartisan nature of pre-Constitutional ceremonies, see Green, ‘‘Listen to the Eagle Scream,’’ 118. For harassment of Tories, see Travers, Celebrating the Fourth, 24. 10. Green, ‘‘Listen to the Eagle Scream,’’ 123–24; Travers, Celebrating the Fourth, 41–54. 11. Cushing, Oration, 4–8 (quotation on 4). 12. Blassingame, Frederick Douglass Papers, 360 (first quotation), 368 (second quotation). 13. Ibid., 371. 14. Colored American (Augusta, Ga.), January 13, 1866. 15. National Era, June 24, 1847. 16. Sweet, ‘‘Fourth of July and Black Americans,’’ 262–63. 17. Shane White, ‘‘ ‘Proud Day,’ ’’ 38; Sweet, ‘‘Fourth of July and Black Americans,’’ 270. 18. Gregg D. Kimball, ‘‘African, American, and Virginian,’’ in Brundage, Where These Memories Grow, 59–60, 62–63; Waddell, Annals of Augusta County, Virginia, 420. 19. Johnson, William Johnson’s Natchez, 126, 183, 284, 337, 390, 533, 575, 621–22, 657. 20. Wilmington Daily Journal, July 3, 1856, in Green, ‘‘Listen to the Eagle Scream,’’ 135. chapter two 1. True Southerner, April 19, 1866. 2. For a long time, historians who studied the public ceremonies of the postwar South stressed the use of these occasions for reconciliation while ignoring the conflict they caused as well as the political context. More recently, studies have begun to highlight the divisive nature of the celebrations. See Notes to Pages 24–34 211 Blight, Race and Reunion; Clark, ‘‘Celebrating Freedom’’ and ‘‘History Is No Fossil Remains’’; Kachun, Festivals of Freedom. 3. McPherson, review of Race and Reunion. McPherson did not use the term ‘‘Unionist,’’ but he recognized that reunion and reconciliation were two di√erent issues. 4. Blackett, Thomas Morris Chester, 288–94. 5. Boney, Hume, and Zafar, God Made Man, 16. 6. Looby, Complete Civil War Journal, 77. Also see the account of Charlotte Forten in Atlantic Monthly, June 1864, 668–69, and Stevenson, Journals of Charlotte Forten Grimké, 428–35. 7. Colored American (Augusta, Ga.), January 13, 1866. 8. Page, ‘‘ ‘Stand by the Flag,’ ’’ 285–301; Harding, There Is a River, 299; Reidy, From Slavery to Agrarian Capitalism, 178–79; Staunton Spectator, July 9, 1867. 9. Richmond Times, June 30, 1866. 10. Ibid., July 4, 1866. 11. Hollywood Memorial Association, minutes, July 2, 1866, MC. 12. Clark, ‘‘History Is No Fossil Remains,’’ 31; True Southerner, December 14, 1865...