Shifting Loyalties: The Union Occupation of Eastern North Carolina

Notes

183 Notes Abbreviations AAS American Antiquarian Society,Worcester, Mass. AMA American Missionary Association Collection, Amistad Research Center,Tulane University, New Orleans BHS Beverly History Society and Museum, Beverly, Mass. BRVUS Book Records,Volunteer Union Soldiers Organizations, RG 94, National Archives,Washington, D.C. CSR Compiled Service Records of Volunteer Union Soldiers, RG 94, National Archives,Washington, D.C. DU Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections Library, Duke University, Durham ECU Special Collections, J.Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University, Greenville EU Special Collections and Archives, Robert W.Woodruff Library, Emory University, Atlanta HBS Baker Library Special Collections, Harvard Business School, Cambridge LC Manuscript Division, Library of Congress,Washington, D.C. 184 notes MHS Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston NA National Archives,Washington, D.C. NBDP New Bern Daily Progress NBWP New Bern Weekly Progress NCC North Carolina Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NCSA North Carolina State Archives, Raleigh OR U.S.War Department,The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. OR citations take the following form: volume number: page number. All citations are from series 1. RG 15 Federal Pension Application Files, Records of the Veterans Administration, National Archives,Washington, D.C. RG 123 Records of the U.S. Court of Claims, National Archives,Washington, D.C. RG 393 Records of the U.S. Army Continental Commands, National Archives,Washington, D.C. SCC Southern Claims Commission, RG 217 (Approved) and RG 233 (Disallowed), National Archives,Washington, D.C. SHC Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill SHS Simsbury Historical Society, Simsbury, Conn. SOR Janet B. Hewett et al., eds., Supplement to the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. SOR citations take the same form as OR citations. Notes to Pages 1–5 185 USAMHI U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle, Pa. WHS Worcester Historical Museum,Worcester, Mass. Introduction 1. Sidney Andrews,The South since the War, 392. 2. For Union occupation policy, see Grimsley, Hard Hand of War. For a more comprehensive look at the effects of military occupation across the South, see Ash,When the Yankees Came. 3. For a study of class warfare in eastern North Carolina’s Washington County, see Durrill,War of Another Kind. For other studies that examine various facets of class warfare, see Ash,When the Yankees Came, esp. chap. 6; Sutherland, Seasons of War; Maslowski,Treason Must Be Made Odious; and Capers, Occupied City. 4. Rubin, Shattered Nation, 2–3, 50 (quotation), 95; Storey, Loyalty and Loss, 6. For varying perspectives on the nature of nationalism, see Gallagher,Confederate War, 61–111; Faust, Creation of Confederate Nationalism; Carp, “Nations of American Rebels”; and Escott, After Secession. For more on the various qualities of Unionism, see Degler,The Other South; Current, Lincoln’s Loyalists; and Inscoe and Kenzer, Enemies of the Country. 5. Thomas G. Dyer (Secret Yankees) has perceptively written that people have always had multiple loyalties: “Allegiances to family, home, friends, lodges, church, class, state, and region (among others) competed with or complemented national loyalty .” In peacetime, loyalties can complement each other, but in wartime “demands arise that national loyalty be paramount and controlling” (p. 4). Dyer also demonstrates that loyalty can be “contingent, circumstantial and subject to a plenitude of definitions shifting over time” (p. 270). I find that in addition to the idea of personal loyalty conflicting with national loyalty, residents of eastern North Carolina had competing national loyalties. For more on the concept of multiple loyalties, see Guetzkow, “Multiple Loyalties,” and Fletcher, Loyalty. 6. Gordon McKinney (“Layers of Loyalty”) found a similar breakdown of allegiances when he examined petitions for amnesty from western North Carolina. Some applicants consistently supported the Union, some consistently supported secession, some shifted away from the Union after secession, and some were neutral. Of the 261 petitioners he surveyed, fewer than 40 percent were consistently Unionist or Confederate .The rest shifted their allegiances, were neutral, or offered no explanation of their loyalty. 7. For more on how the Confederate defeat created a unified southern identity, or a sense of “southern patriotism,” see Cobb, Away Down South, 34–66. A classic example of fluid loyalties comes from the American Revolution, especially in the southern backcountry, where one’s loyalty was often a reflection of how close the British 186 Notes to Pages 5–14 army was at any given time. See David Hackett Fischer,Washington’s Crossing, 160...