notes abbreviations In addition to the abbreviations found in the text, the following abbreviations are used in notes. ACDP Americanization Committtee of Detroit Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor ACTUC Association of Catholic Trade Unionists Collection, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne State University, Detroit ALUA Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne State University, Detroit BHC Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library, Detroit BHL Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor BFRC Benson Ford Research Center, The Henry Ford, Dearborn, Michigan BLM Black Labor Movement Oral Histories, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne State University, Detroit CMAP Chris and Marti Alston Papers, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne State University, Detroit DCLP Detroit Citizens League Papers, Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library, Detroit DULP Detroit Urban League Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor FMP Frank Murphy Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor JGP Josephine Gomon Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MHC Michigan Historical Collections, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MKP Milton Kemnitz Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MOR Mayor’s Office Records, Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library, Detroit MSP Maurice Sugar Papers, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne State University, Detroit 258 notes to pages 1–5 NAACPP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. NGC Nat Ganley Collection, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne State University, Detroit NNC Papers National Negro Congress Papers, Microfilm, Schomburg Center for Research on Black Culture, New York Public Library, New York, and Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. SBCP Second Baptist Church Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor TU-OH Talking Union, Oral Histories, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne State University, Detroit UAW-OH UAW Oral Histories, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne State University, Detroit UM-HS University of Michigan, History Seminars, Department of History, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor introduction 1. Henry Ford quoted in Nye, Henry Ford, 71. 2. Garet Garrett, “The World That Henry Ford Made,” Look, 25 March 1952, 35, cited in Brinkley, Wheels for the World, 113. For changes in social behavior inspired by the automobile, see Bailey, From Front Porch to Back Seat. 3. Watts, People’s Tycoon, x. 4. The links between black Detroit and Henry Ford and his industrial policies mark the boundary line for the treatment that follows. Life for black workers at other auto plants is not part of this study. 5. Litwack, Trouble in Mind; Hahn, Nation under Our Feet. 6. Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men, xxvii–xxix. 7. Eric Foner, Story of American Freedom, 185–93. 8. Dearborn Independent, “Ford’s Page,” 17 June, 6 and 21 October 1922, 5. 9. Nevins and Hill, Ford: Expansion, 111–13, 145, 159. 10. Carlson, “The Negro in the Industries of Detroit,” 61. Henry Ford’s desire for maintaining control in the aftermath of World War I drove him to adopt what Steven Meyer calls a more “hard-nosed, pragmatic, and tough” stand, a variant of the American Plan, “which typified the more recalcitrant employer attitudes of the twenties.” Nevertheless , it was a big step forward for black workers. See Meyer, Five Dollar Day, 169. 11. Litwack, Trouble in Mind, 492. This study is intended to extend the conversation exploring the Great Migration as a grassroots social movement between World War I and World War II. As such, it builds on an extensive scholarship that includes, but is not limited to, Chad Williams, Torchbearers of Democracy; Reich, “Great War, Black Workers, and the Rise and Fall of the NAACP in the South” and Encyclopedia of the Great Black Migration; Trotter, Black Milwaukee and Great Migration in Historical Perspective; Grossman, Land of Hope; Gottlieb, Making Their Own Way; Phillips, AlabamaNorth; Lemke-Santangelo, Abiding Courage; Arnesen, Black Protest and the Great Migration and [3.19.31.73] Project MUSE (2024-04-23 10:03 GMT) 259 notes to pages 5–12 Brotherhoods of Color; Bates, Pullman Porters and the Rise of Protest Politics; Jordan, Black Newspapers and America’s War for Democracy; Nikki Brown, Private...