Global Gangs: Street Violence across the World

Index

293 Index AFI. See Agencia Federal de Investigación AFRC. See Armed Forces Revolutionary Council African National Congress (ANC), 32 Agencia Federal de Investigación (AFI), 255, 270 Aik, 184 All People’s Congress (APC), 174, 176 Americans gang, 35 Amigos dos Amigos, 240 AMPI. See Indonesian Renewal Young Generation AMs. See Associações de Moradores ANC. See African National Congress Apache Boys gang, 157 apartheid: activism against, 39–40; ethnic factionalism by, 32; and gang creation, 31–32; and gang diversity, 29–30; prison gangs vs., 39, 44; stereotypes, 30, 32, 37–38 APC. See All People’s Congress Arellano Felix DTO, 266 Arendt, Hannah, 223, 226 armed clientelism, 243–44 Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), 176–77 Artistas Asesinos, 267 Asbestos Boys gang, 34, 36 Associações de Moradores (AMs), 239, 242, 243, 249–50 Attila Boys gang, 157 Aztecas, 266–67 Babri Masjid mosque, 195–96, 197 bandas, 259–62, 265, 271–72, 274n9 Barrio Azteca. See Aztecas Barrio 18. See Mara Dieciocho Bearland Boys. See Berenlan Boys gang Belville Murder and Robbery Unit, 40 Berenlan Boys gang, 150, 159–60 besprizorniki, 66 Big Men, 185, 186–87 Black Jackets gang, 110–11, 112, 113 Black Kings gang, 171 Bloods gang (Belize), 124 Bombay, 200 Bourdieu, Pierre, 175 Bourgois, Philippe, 172, 181 Boyz n the Hood (film), 105 Brazilian drug gangs (Rio de Janeiro), 237–52; background, 238–41; clientalism by, 243–44; facçõs, 240; favela politics, 241–45; media narrative of, 245–48, 285; organization and membership, 240–41; otherness of, 247; as parallel states, 237, 245–46, 251–52, 285; police relations, 244–45, 251; political abetment of, 238, 251; 294    index social role of, 248–51; violence of, 237–38, 239, 246–47, 251–52 Bruner, Jerome, 214, 223, 226, 229 Buñuel, Luis, 257–58 Calle 18. See Mara Dieciocho Cape Town gangs. See South African gangs Cat Pounds gang, 35–36 Central American gangs. See maras; pandillas Charminar mosque, 196–97 Chicago School of Sociology, 2, 9 Chicano gangs in Los Angeles, 49–62; deviant activities of, 60; emergence of, 53; locura behavior in, 59–60; as long-lasting, 50; membership of, 91; street socialization by, 58–59, 61 child soldiering in India. See Indian youth gangs Chinese youth gangs, 85–98, 284–85; campaigns against, 97–98; characteristics of, 87–88, 94; drug trafficking by, 96; emergence of, 88–94; future trends, 94–96; and one-child policy, 92–93; recidivism in, 88; research on, 98; weapons, 95 choloization, 56–58, 61 Ciudad Juárez killings, 266–67 clicas, 263, 264, 266, 268, 270, 273 clientelism, 243–44 CNDH. See Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos cocaine trade. See drug trafficking Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos (CNDH), 263–65 Communism, 67, 68, 90, 96, 158 co-offense crimes, 86, 98n2 Crips gang (Belize), 124 crossboys, 156–57, 159, 165 Dieciocho. See Mara Dieciocho District Six (Cape Town), 30 Doble A. See Artistas Asesinos Dogg Pound, 186 Drug Control Law (China, 2007), 96 drug trafficking, gang involvement, 4, 60, 62, 96, 116–19, 172, 239–43, 262, 265–67, 272 drug-trafficking organizations (DTOs), 261, 262–67, 272. See also specific organizations DTOs. See drug-trafficking organizations Dutch East Indies. See Netherlands East Indies East Los Angeles, 51, 54 Economic Community of Western African States Monitoring Group (ECO-MOG), 177 economic liberalization, 71, 72, 73 Eighteenth Street gang. See Mara Dieciocho El Salvador, 3–4, 123–24, 130, 132, 134; Civil War, 125, 127. See also Salvadoran maras Eme, La, 60, 166, 266 Eminem, 181 Ex-Menteng Teenagers (XRM), 165 favelas: drug trafficking in, 239–40; as marginalized, 247; media narrative of, 245–46; otherness of, 247; as parallel states, 237, 245–46, 251–52, 285; politics, 241–45; samba schools in, 238–39, 250; social role of gangs, 248–51 Foucault, Michel, 214, 228 Freakonomics (Levitt/Dubner), 183–84 Freetown ghetto, 171, 173–74, 175–76, 177, 179–83, 184, 185 French youth gangs, 105–19; ethnicity and race, 114–16; statistics on, 108; studies on, 106–10; war on, 108–9; and youth socialization, 110–14 index    295 gangs: as alternative authority, 2; as antipolicy, 39; campaigns against, 97; cross-culturation, 130; deported members, 4; vs. drug dealers, 36; global, 3–5; multiethnic, 32, 114–15; persistence of, 49–50; police relationship with, 41–42; and politics, 39–44; and poverty, 54; research, overview, 7, 8...