Becoming Human: The Matter of the Medieval Child

Notes

N o t e s 179 INTRODUCTION 1 Augustine, Confessions, trans. R. S. Pine-Coffin (London: Penguin Books, 1961), 25 [1.6]; and for the Latin, see Augustine, Confessions: Introduction and Text, ed. James J. O’Donnell (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), 5 [1.6.7]. 2 Augustine, Confessions: Introduction and Text, 5–7 [1.6.7, 1.6.8, 1.6.10, 1.7.11, 1.7.12]. 3 Augustine, Confessions, 223–4 [10.17]. 4 Ibid., 26 [1.6]. 5 Jacques Derrida, The Animal That Therefore I Am, trans. David Willis (New York: Fordham University Press, 2008), 21. 6 Cited in Caroline Walker Bynum, The Resurrection of the Body (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), 64. 7 Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 246. 8 Jean-Luc Nancy, The Birth to Presence (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1993), 3. 9 Alfonso Lingis, The First Person Singular (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 2007), 5. 10 Alfonso Lingis, The Imperative (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998), 16. 11 See Claude Romano, Event and World (New York: Fordham University Press, 2009), and Quentin Meillassoux, After Finitude (New York: Continuum , 2010) and his Divine Inexistence, excerpted in the appendix to Graham Harman’s Quentin Meillassoux: Philosophy in the Making (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011), 180. 180 NOTES TO INTRODUCTION 12 Bracha Ettinger, The Matrixial Borderspace (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006). 13 Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, trans. Colin Smith (London: Routledge, 2002), 198. 14 See Bruno Latour, We Have Never Been Modern, trans. Catherine Porter (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993). 15 The bibliography on these topics is immense, but for a few major statements , see Edward Grant, The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional, and Intellectual Contexts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Sylvia Thrupp, The Merchant Class of Medieval London (1300–1500) (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948); R. H. Britnell, The Commercialization of English Society, 1000–1500 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Thorlac Turville-Petre, England the Nation: Language, Literature, and National Identity, 1290–1340 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996); M. T. Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record: England, 1066–1307, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993). 16 Andrew Cole and D. Vance Smith, ed., The Legitimacy of the Middle Ages (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2010), 24. 17 Boethius, Consolation of Philosophy, trans. Richard Green (New York: Macmillan, 1962), 114 [5.m5]. 18 Albertus Magnus, On Animals: A Medieval Summa Zoologica, trans. Kenneth F. Kitchell Jr. and Irven Michael Resnick (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 1:237. 19 Ibid., 1:588. 20 For me, the most catalyzing work in this area remains Jeffrey J. Cohen’s Medieval Identity Machines (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003). Other exemplary book-length treatments that have challenged humanist credos, by way of human–animal involvements in particular, include Dorothy Yamamoto’s The Boundaries of the Human in Medieval English Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), Joyce Salisbury’s The Beast Within: Animals in the Middle Ages, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2011), and Karl Steel’s How to Make a Human: Animals and Violence in the Middle Ages (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2011). 21 My ecumenism is that of the Greek oikoumenē, referring to inhabitants of a great oikos. Different schools of thought are taken to dwell together or at least to neighbor one another. The apparent incompatibility of network/process philosophies (Latour and De Landa) and objectoriented ontology (Harman) is less impressive than their common cause against dematerialization. For example, Harman holds that objects are NOTES TO INTRODUCTION 181 discrete and solid entities whose integrity is undermined by talk of relational or processual becomings. In these matters, I defer to an eclectic range of evidence as it comes up for discussion, entertaining more than one possible theory of the vast world—perforce encompassing fixity and flux, intensity and extensity, ontogeny and ontology. 22 See Myra J. Hird, Sex, Gender, and Science (New York: Palgrave Macmillan , 2004), 10. 23 Donna Haraway, Crystals, Fabrics, and Fields (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1976), 180. 24 For a glimpse of the exciting directions in which medieval and early modern scholars are taking matters today, see the range of essays collected in Animal, Vegetable, Mineral: Ethics and Objects, ed. Jeffrey Jerome Cohen (Washington, D.C.: Oliphaunt, 2012), and The Indistinct Human in Renaissance Literature, ed. Jean E. Feerick and Vin Nardizzi (New...