Intimacy Across Borders: Race, Religion, and Migration in the U.S. Midwest

Notes

Notes preface 1. DeYoung’s full critique can be found at http://thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/ ​ kevindeyoung/2009/05/11/belhar-confession-yea-or-nay/. chapter 1: introduction 1. Thanks to Kim Westerholm for her help in reconstructing this event. 2. According to the National Immigration Forum, “Secure Communities is a program that allows state and local police to check the fingerprints of an individual they are booking into a jail against Department of Homeland Security (DHS) immigration databases. If there is a ‘hit’ in an immigration database, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) is automatically notified, even if the person has not been convicted of any criminal act” (“Secure Communities”). Although “advertised as a program to identify and remove dangerous criminals from our country,” the program has led to racial profiling and caused Latino communities to fear the police and not call them when they feel unsafe or in danger, according to the forum. 3. As of July 2012, the unemployment rate in Iowa was 5.2 percent, and in Sioux County, just 3.3 percent. The national average was 9.6 percent. 4. Personal interview, March 22, 2012. 5. Almost 400,000 people were deported between October 2010 and September 2011, a record number, according to the Immigration Control and Enforcement agency. The Obama administration has also continued the program begun 168 | notes to pages 5–72 under President George Bush of deploying 1,200 National Guard troops on the U.S.-Mexican border (Bennett). 6. Population figures in this paragraph are from the Pew Hispanic Center’s compilation of the 2010 Census: http://www.pewhispanic.org/census-2010/. 7. “More than 7 percent of the 3.5 million children born in the year before the 2010 Census were of two or more races, up from barely 5 percent a decade earlier . The number of children born to black and white couples and to Asian and white couples almost doubled” (Marello). 8. http://www.ouriowaneighbors.org. 9. Both the Clinton and McCain campaigns called Obama’s comments elitist . Obama apologized for his choice of words but stuck by his assertion that people are bitter and have a right to be frustrated about the economy. Obama quotes taken from Foxnews.com, Friday, April 11, 2008. 10. These comments were made on the Family Research Council’s Washington Weekly Radio show on June 9, 2007. 11. I support this interpretation of events through readings of the transcripts of the October 2010 federal trial at which two of Ramirez’s assailants were convicted of a hate crime and later sentenced to nine years each in prison. 12. Sioux Preme recently changed its name to Natural Food Holdings. chapter 2: two lives 1. Both were repealed in 1985 by the Immorality and Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Amendment Act. 2. http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Loving_v_Virginia_1967. 3. The Heidelberg Catechism can be found at http://www.biblehelp.org/ heidel.htm. chapter 3: hybrid faiths 1. This is especially the case in the South, often characterized as “the Bible Belt,” where conservative Protestant denominations predominate. 2. The antagonism between Catholicism and Protestantism is not uncommon in Latin America. In some parts of Mexico, for example, Catholicism and Mexican national identities are so closely intertwined that being Protestant often means one is perceived as not “truly Mexican,” as Pablo Vila found in his ethnography of religious practices along the U.S.-Mexican border. In turn, Protestants believe they have a monopoly on religious salvation: “Most Mexican Protestants believe that their faith is the only true faith and that all others are therefore false, heretical, and/or dangerous” (Vila 65). In the United States, while there is also a history of animosity, says Ismael García, a “new ecumenism” is developing , an “ecumenism of mutual appreciation, respect, and recognition grounded not in common theological beliefs, but in an attitude of solidarity in the strug- notes to pages 73–109 | 169 gle by which Hispanics aim to overcome” conditions of oppression in the United States (141). 3. The number of missionaries associated with the mainline denominations of the National Council of Churches declined between 1969 and 1979 from 8,279 to 4,817 (Stoll 72). 4. In 1975, investigations by the U.S. Congress revealed that the Central Intelligence Agency used missionaries in Latin America and elsewhere (Stoll 14). 5. The Moravian denomination was introduced by German missionaries in the nineteenth century and had “become the main authority...