A City within a City: The Black Freedom Struggle in Grand Rapids, Michigan

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A CITY WITHIN A CITY A CITY WITHIN A CITY WITHIN A CITY The Black Freedom Struggle in Grand Rapids, Michigan TODD E. ROBINSON [ T E M P L E U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S Philadelphia TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright © 2013 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2013 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robinson, Todd E. (Todd Ephraim), 1973– A city within a city : the Black freedom struggle in Grand Rapids, Michigan / Todd E. Robinson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4399-0921-8 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-4399-0922-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-4399-0923-2 (e-book) 1. African Americans—Civil rights—Michigan—Grand Rapids—History. 2. Grand Rapids (Mich.)—Race relations. 3. Grand Rapids (Mich.)—Social conditions. I. Title. F574.G7R63 2013 323.1196'073077456—dc23 2012014737 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992 Printed in the United States of America 2 4 6 8 9 7 5 3 1 TODD E. ROBINSON is Assistant Professor of History at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. ...