Teaching Marianne and Uncle Sam: Public Education, State Centralization, and Teacher Unionism in France and the United States

Index

Academic freedom, 138–139, 148–149 Activity program (New York City), 137 Actor certification, selective engagement as form of, 28–29 Adler, Felix, 70 Adler, Irving, 149, 202n110 Advisory Council on Teacher Qualification (New York State), 89–90 AFL (American Federation of Labor), 87, 126–127, 132, 135–136, 137–138, 146–147, 151. See also AFT (American Federation of Teachers) AFT (American Federation of Teachers): and academic freedom, 139; American Teacher, 87, 130; formation of, 129–130; militancy versus professional identity, 151; problems in, 137–138; TU and, 135–136, 142–143. See also AFL (American Federation of Labor); TU (Teachers’ Union) AFT Local 5. See TU (Teachers’ Union) Americanization, 81–82, 86–88 American League for Peace and Democracy, 200n54 American Teacher, 87, 130. See also AFT (American Federation of Teachers) Amicales (teachers’ “friendly societies”): composition of, 191n6; conference of (1903), 103; emergence of, 97–102; government and, 101–102, 107–110; membership numbers of, 191n9; mutual-aid societies and, 192n17; pedagogical conferences of, 98; political matters and, 98–100; syndicalistes and, 103–104, 114–115; unionization of, 115; and World War I, 111, 112. See also specific organizations Anticlericalism, 49–50, 53–55, 117–120. See also Catholic Church Anticommunism, 143–145, 149, 200n54 Autonomy of teachers, 12–13, 61–63 Bardoux, Agénor, 59, 187n107 Begun, Isadore, 135 Bensley, Charles, 149, 202n108 Bloc National government, 116–117, 118 Blum, Léon, 100, 197n157 Bodin, Marguerite, 101 Borchardt, Selma, 136 Bouët, Louis, 115–116, 194n75 Bourbon Restoration, 40–41 Brion, Hélène, 110, 111, 112, 194n102 Broglie, Duke of, 55–56 Budgets and spending, French primary education , 42, 43–44, 57, 58 Buisson, Ferdinand, 37, 62 Bulletin général des amicales, 98, 102, 191n6 Bureaucrats, teachers as street-level, 12–13, 19 Butler, Nicholas Murray, 12, 69, 70–71, 72, 76, 80–81 Carbonel, M., 61 Carnot, Hippolyte, 51, 52 Carriot, 62 Cartel des Gauches government, 119, 120 index 208 Index Category work: in France, 47–51; importance of, 25; mobilization and, 24–26; in New York City, 30, 77–82; selective engagement and, 26– 29; teacher training/certification and, 25–26, 30 Catholic Church: anticlericalism and, 49–50, 53–55, 117–120; empowerment of, 40–41; French Revolution and, 182n4; Guizot’s legislation and, 45–46; influence of, in provincial France, 38; priests as teachers, 48–49; Second Empire and, 53–54, 55; teachers and, 46–47; Third Republic and, 57 Centers, defined, 21–22 Centralization: about, 7–8; administrative structure reconfiguration and, 25; at dawn of the twentieth century, 8–11; effects of, 167–168; effects of, on teachers, 22–23; incentives of, 22–23; locating process of, 29–30; mobilization and, 21–24; in Russia, 172–173; and significance of gender, 14; See also Centralization in France; Centralization in New York City Centralization in France, 37–64; about, 37–40; at dawn of the twentieth century, 9–10; effects of, 168; in 1830s, 40–46; incentives of, 22, 23; July Monarchy and, 41–51; mobilization and, 55–63; mobilization failure and, 51–52; New York City case compared to, 167–168; Second Empire and Rouland inquiry, 52–55; Third Republic and, 55–63 Centralization in New York City, 65–91; about, 65–68; category work and its discontents, 77– 82; city teachers and their discontents, 73–77; effects of, 167–168; in 1890s, 68–73; France case compared to, 167–168; mobilization and, 77–90; teacher opposition to, 65, 75–76; teacher response to, 67, 77–78; teachers’ associations and, 74–75; at turn of the twentieth century, 11–12 CGT (Confédération Générale du Travail), 95– 96, 106, 114, 115–116, 191n1 CGTU (Confédération Générale du Travail Unitaire), 114 Chambéry scandal, 108–109 Charter of 1830 (France), 44–45 “Charter of primary education” (France), 41–46, 48, 50, 51 Chautemps, Camille, 120 Chicago, 11–12, 81, 129, 189n53 Chicago Teachers’ Federation (CTF), 12, 81, 129 Christian Brothers, 48–49, 50, 55, 186n90 CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations), 138, 145, 148 City College, 139, 140 City Vigilance League, 81 Civil rights, 138–139 Classroom Teachers’ Association, 83, 84 Clemenceau, Georges, 105–106, 107, 108, 114, 124 Clercs-laïcs, teachers as, 46–47 Cogen, Charles, 152, 153, 155, 156, 203n136 Combes, Emile, 101, 103, 191n9, 193n53 Comité Central, 105, 106 Committee for Action through Unity, 153–154 Committee of Seventy, 70, 71 Communism, 88–89 Communist teachers, 133, 134–135, 148, 149, 175...