Selecting Women, Electing Women: Political Representation and Candidate Selection in Latin America

Index

abreu sierra, Xavier, 87 acevedo rodríguez, Marcos, 130 alcántara sáez, Manuel, 60 allende, salvador, 127 allende Bussi, isabel, 63, 127 alternate positions, gender quotas and, 146, 196n12 Álvarez, Blanca, 42, 44 alvear, soledad, 70, 181n1 amanalco (Mexico): candidate selection by prd in, 96; candidate selection by pri in, 76–77; gender and party composition in, 15t; municipal characteristics of, 16t anecdotal evidence, 17 appointment system and exclusive-centralized candidate selection, 100–103, 101t argentina: appointment of women in, 101n3; attitudes toward female political leaders in, 37g; family members in, 123–126, 132t, 134; gender quotas in, 137t, 138, 143–145, 144t, 148, 169; labor force participation and unemployment in, 27g; presidency of, 1, 2; primaries in, 60, 157; school enrollment in, 25g; women as governors in, 101t; women’s participation in politics in, 32t; women’s political representation in, 4g; women’s representation by party in, 171; women ’s representation in legislatures in, 6g arias, arnulfo, 124 Ávila salinas, Guadalupe, 125 Bachelet, Michelle: appointed positions under, 63; electoral data on, 38, 39; and exclusive-centralized selection, 112–113; path to presidency of, 1–2, 151 Balmori, diana, 120–121 Barack Obama phenomenon, 187n4 Barrera, alicia, 10 Batista, Fulgencio, 191n4 Berghorn, Forrest, 119 Bhutto, Benazir, 194n14 Bienenstock, elisa, 49–50 Bolivia: appointment system in, 102–103; family members in, 132t; gender quotas in, 137t, 144t; labor force participation and unemployment in, 27g; school enrollment in, 25g; training programs for women in, 164; women as governors in, 101t; women’s participation in politics in, 32t; women’s political representation in, 4g; women’s representation by party in, 171; women ’s representation in legislatures in, 6g Bravo Mena, luis Felipe, 83 Brazil: attitudes toward female political leaders in, 37g; cost of elections in, 197n13; family members in, 127, 132t, 134, 194n15; gender quotas in, 137t, 142, 143, 144t; labor force participation and unemployment in, 27g; political parties in, 10; school enrollment in, 25g; women as governors in, 101t; women’s participation in politics in, 32t; women’s political Index Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures; those followed by g indicate graphs; and those followed by t indicate tables. 220 index Brazil (continued) representation in, 4g; women’s representation by party in, 171; women’s representation in legislatures in, 6g Caldera, Juan Manuel, 60 Calderón, Cecilia, 185n2 Calderón, Felipe, 126, 128 Camarilla, 48 Camp, roderic, 119, 120, 188n12, 193n8 Campaign financing: and cost of elections, 159–160, 197n13; by political action committees , 162; by power monopolies, 49; primaries and, 58, 62, 158–161; setting limits on, 158–161; of women candidates, 161, 197n15 Campaigntrail,biasagainstwomenon,187n17 Canada: candidate recruitment in, 164, 165; earmarking of funds for women candidates in, 162; financial subsidies for women precandidates in, 197n12; gender quotas in, 196n15; tax credits for nominating and electing women in, 163 Candidate recruitment, 43, 164–167; centralization and exclusivity of, 43; from civil society organizations, 166; importance of, 45–46, 187n5; from neighborhood organizations , 166–167; outside organizations in, 167; from among party members, 165; search committees for, 164, 165; by women ’s section within parties, 165–166 Candidate selection: centralization of, 43, 182n12, 187n1; demand factors in, 33–41; democratic vs. undemocratic system for, 2, 53, 56, 188n14; domestic roles and, 23; educational attainment and, 23–26, 25g, 185n4; effects of process of, 50–52, 51f; exclusive-centralized, 51f, 54, 99–116; exclusive-decentralized, 51f, 53–54, 87–98; exclusivity of, 2, 3, 43, 187n1; gauging political interest and, 30–33, 32t; gender quotas and, 146–148, 196n14; how it matters, 42–55; inclusive-centralized , 51f, 52, 80–87; inclusive-decentralized , 51f, 52–53, 56–79; methodology to study, 13–17, 15t, 16t; participation in labor force and, 6, 26–28, 27g, 185n5; by political parties, 16–17; power monopolies in, 48–50; reasons to study, 11–13; selfnomination in, 44–48; size of municipality and, 15–16, 16t, 18, 183n17, 184n19; supply problems in, 22–33; using variety of processes for, 54–55, 55f; voter bias and, 33–41, 37g; wage parity and, 28–30; why it matters, 21–41; and women’s representation , 151–170 Cañete, María Fernanda, 151 Cárdenas, Cuauhtémoc, 118–119, 193n4, 195n20 Cárdenas, lázaro, 118–119, 195n20 Cárdenas Batel, lázaro, 119 Careers leading to political candidacies, 6, 26, 185n5 Carnahan, Mel, 117 Carrió, elisa, 3, 39 Case study research, 17 Castro, Fidel, 153 Catholicism and underrepresentation of women, 7–8 Centralized candidate recruitment, 43...