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Notes
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Notes Introduction 1. Extant FBI case files document this earlier shift in approach and priorities. In response to a lawsuit challenging the National Archives’s approval of FBI field office and headquarters record-disposition plans, in 1980, Judge Harold Greene ordered the National Archives and the FBI to develop a plan to ensure the preservation of FBI files of historical value. To address the housekeeping problem that the FBI’s massive record holdings posed, the National Archives developed a plan to preserve a representative sample of FBI records. Under this plan, the number of preserved case files in the Espionage category created from the 1920s through 1980 totaled 239,282. In contrast, the preserved case files in the Domestic Security category totaled 1,790,191 for the period 1939–1980, and in the Internal Security category they totaled 1,271,195 for the years 1938–1980. 2. The name of the unit reflects the spelling adopted by the FBI in 1999. In 2001, the U.S. government adopted the spelling “Osama.” Chapter 1 1. U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Hearings on Intelligence Activities, vol. 6, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 94th Cong., 1st sess., 1975, 558, 559; Raymond Batvinis, The Origins of FBI Counterintelligence (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007), 46–47. 2. Confidential Memos, Hoover, August 24 and 25, 1936, Franklin D. Roosevelt folder, Official and Confidential File of FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover (henceforth Hoover O&C). 168 / Notes to Chapter 1 3. Strictly Confidential Memo, Hoover to Tamm, September 10, 1936, Franklin D. Roosevelt folder, Hoover O&C; Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Activities, Hearings on FBI, 562–563. 4. Batvinis, Origins of FBI Counterintelligence, 3–28; Francis MacDonnell, Insidious Foes: The Axis Fifth Column and the American Home Front (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 49–61. 5. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Activities, Hearings on FBI, 563–567; and Final Report, Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Book III, 94th Cong., 2d sess., 1976, 397–399. 6. Athan Theoharis, The FBI and American Democracy: A Brief, Critical History (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004), 173. 7. Memo, Belmont to Ladd, July 31, 1950, FBI 66-9330-204. 8. Memo, Hoover to Tamm and Clegg, November 18, 1940, FBI 66-9330-2. 9. Memo, FBI Director to Attorney General, November 18, 1940, FBI 66-9330-1. 10. Memo, FBI Director to Tamm and Ladd, November 18, 1940, FBI 66-9330-2. Confidential National Defense Informants were not “sources of information” but paid informers whose surveillance activities were targeted and controlled by a supervising FBI agent. 11. Memo, FBI Director to Tolson, Tamm, and Clegg, November 19, 1940, FBI 66-9330-3; Personal and Confidential Letter, FBI Director to All SACs, December 4, 1940, FBI 66-9330-7; Memo, Tamm to FBI Director, December 19, 1940, FBI 66-93309x ; Memo, Brown to Tamm, January 6, 1941, FBI 66-9330-11. 12. Bureau Bulletin, No. 27, First Series 1942, April 15, 1942, FBI 66-9330-99. 13. Memo, Foxworth to FBI Director, September 3, 1941, FBI 66-9330-69. 14. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Activities, Hearings on FBI, 409–411. 15. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Activities, Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports, 414. 16. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Activities, Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Book II, 94th Cong., 2d sess., 1975, 35; and Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports, 418–419. FBI officials, however, objected to the proposal to prosecute American citizens and instead urged department officials to consider “utilizing naturalization proceedings” or undertake a study to “control suspected citizens.” 17. Memo, Hoover to Watson, October 25, 1940, and accompanying report, Present Status of Espionage and Counterespionage Operations of the Federal Bureau of Investigation , October 24, 1940; Memo, Roosevelt to Watson, October 31, 1940; Letter, Watson to Hoover, October 31, 1940; all in OF 10-B, Franklin Roosevelt Presidential Library; John Christgau, “Enemies”: Alien Internment (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1985), vii–viii, 33, 37, 50–85; Roger Daniels, Without Trial: Japanese Americans in World War II (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993), 24, 26, 31–33; Robert Goldstein, American Blacklist: The Attorney General’s List of Subversive Organizations (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2008), 25–27. 18. Recent disclosures of those whom the FBI had listed bear out Biddle’s critical assessment—for example, those listed included radical attorney Carol Weiss King, United Automobile Workers union leaders Walter and Victor Reuther, radical Congressman Vito Marcantonio...