Chinatown: The Socioeconomic Potential of an Urban Enclave

Notes

Notes Chapter I I . This is a popular kind of Cantonese appetizer. The words dim sum in Cantonese literally mean a little bit of the heart. 2. S. Lieberson 1980,A Piece ofthe Pie, p. 290. 3. M. Freeman 1983, "The Labor Market for Immigrants in New York City"; R. Waldinger 1986b, "Immigrant Enterprises." 4. E.W. Burgess 1923, "The Growth ofthe City"; S. Lieberson 1963, Ethnic Patterns inAmerican Cities; R. Hodge and P. Hodge 1965, "Occupational Assimilation as a Competitive Process"; R. E. Park and E. W. Burgess 1967, The City. 5. O. Handlin 1951, The Uprooted; W. L. Yancey, E. P. Ericksen, and R. N. Juliani 1976, "Emergent Ethnicity"; H.J. Gans 1979, "Symbolic Ethnicity"; R. D. Alba 1985b, Italian Americans. 6. H.J. Gans 1962, The Urban Villagers; Alba 1985a, "The Twilight of Ethnicity among Americans of European Ancestry," and 1985b. 7. Gans 1962; G. Suttles 1972, The Social Construction of Communities; A. Hunter 1974, Symbolic Communities; W. Peterson and M. Novak 1982, Concepts ofEthnicity; C. S. Fischer 1984, The Urban Experience. 8. M. M. Gordon 1964, Assimilation in American Life; G. Suttles 1968, The Social Order ofthe Slum. 9. R. Waldinger 1987, "Beyond Nostalgia." 10. I. H. Light 1972, Ethnic Enterprises in America, and 1984, "Immigrant and Ethnic Enterprise in North America"; I. Kim 1981, New Urban Immigrants ;Waldinger 1986b; H. Aldrich and C. Zimmer 1989, "Continuities in the Study of Ecological Succession." II . Light 1984, pp. 201-202. 12. E. Bonacich and].M. Modell 1980, The EconomicBasisofEthnicSoliMri'y; J. G. Reitz 1980, The Survival ofEthnic Groups; Light 1984, p. 207; M. Semyonov 1981, "The Effect of Community on Status Attainment." 13. A. Portes and R. L. Bach 1980, "Immigrant Earnings," and 1985, The Latin Journey; K. L. Wilson and A. Portes 1980, "Immigrant Enclaves"; K. L. Wilson and W. A. Martin 1982, "Ethnic Enclaves"; A. Portes and A. Stepick 1985, "Unwelcome Immigrants"; A. Portes and R.D. Manning 1986, "The Immigrant Enclave"; A. Portes and L.Jensen 1987, "What's an Ethnic Enclave?" Copyrighted Material 235 236 Notes 14. Wilson and Portes 1980, p. 313. 15. Portes and Bach 1985, p. 347. 16. Quoted by J. Kifner 1991, "Immigrant Waves from Asia Bring an Underworld Ashore." 17. P. Kwong 1987, The New Chinatown, pp. 6, 79. 18. W.J. Wilson 1987, The Truly Disadvantaged; L. Wacquant and w.J. Wilson 1989, "The Cost of Racial and Class Exclusion in the Inner City." 19. B. L. Sung 1967, The Story oJthe Chinese in America; S. C. Miller 1969, The Unwelcome Immigrants; V. Nee and B. de B. Nee 1973, Longtime Californ '; C. Kuo 1977, Social and Political Change in New York's Chinatown; B. P. Wong 1979, A Chinese American Community. 20. Kwong 1987. 21. A. Portes 1981, "Modes of Structural Incorporation and Present Theories of Immigration," p. 29 I . 22. Portes and Jensen 1987, p. 769; see also Wilson and Martin 1982; Portes and Manning 1986. 23. Portes and Bach 1985, pp. 204-205. 24. Key Publications 1988, Chinese Business Guide and Director), for Metropolitan New York and Boston. 25. M. Granovetter 1985, "Economic Action and Social Structure," pp. 481510 . 26. A. Portes and L. E. Guarnizo 1991, "Tropical Capitalists." 27. J.S. Coleman 1988, "Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital"; B. P. Wong 1988, Patronage, Brokerage, Entrepreneurship, and the Chinese Communit), oJNew York, p. lIS· 28. Portes and Bach 1985. 29· Ibid., pp. 3-7· 30. A. Portes and R. G. Rumbaut 1990, Immigrant America, p. 85 · Chapter 2 I. R. H. Conwell 1871, Why and How; ,,1. R. Coolidge 1909, Chinese Immigration ; R. H. Dillon 1962, The Hatchet Men; G. Barth 1964, BillerStrength; S..\\. Lyman 1974, Chinese Americans; G. F. Seward 1970, Chinese Immigration; A. Saxton 1971 , The Indispensable Enemy; V. Nee and B. de B. Nee 1973, Longtime Californ '; D. L. McKee 1977, Chinese Exclusion versus the Opm Door Policy; S. ;\ubits 1988 "Tracing Early Chinese Immigration into the United States"; R. Daniels 1988, Asian America. 2 . According to legend, the Chinese were descendants of the dragon. 3. B. L. Sung 1967, The Story oJthe Chinese in America; A. Ugalde, F. D. Bean, and G. Cardenas 1979, "International Migration from the Dominican Republic"; M. Weiner 1987, "International Emigration and the Third World";:\. Portes and R. G. Rumbaut 1990, ImmigrantAmerica, pp. 10-12. 4. B. L. Sung 1967, p. 10; P. K.wong 1979, Chillatown, S ew }ork. 5. The Opium War (1838-1842) between China and Great Britain ended by...