Desiring Emancipation: New Women and Homosexuality in Germany, 1890–1933

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. Frieda von Bülow, “Laß mich nun vergessen!” in Die schönsten Novellen der Frieda von Bülow über Lou Andreas-Salomé und andere Frauen, ed. Sabine Streiter (Frankfurt: Ullstein Taschenbuch, 1990), 69–142. 2. Kerstin Barndt, “Frauen-Litteratur um 1900.” Paper presented at the annual meeting for the German Studies Association, Atlanta, Georgia, Oct. 4–7, 1999. 3. Joan Scott, “Gender: A Useful Category of Analysis,” American Historical Review 91 (1986): 1073–74. 4. Bülow, “Laß mich,” 83–84. 5. Ibid., 104–105, 76–77. 6. Ibid., 75–77, 92. 7. Ibid., 84. 8. Mary Louise Roberts, Disruptive Acts: The New Woman in Fin-de-Siècle France (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 3–7; The Modern Girl Around the World Research Group, The Modern Girl Around the World: Consumption, Modernity, and Globalization (Durham: Duke University Press, 2008); Elizabeth Otto and Vanessa Rocco, eds., The New Woman International: Representations in Photography and Film from the 1870s through the 1960s (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011). 9. Atina Grossmann, “Girlkultur or Thoroughly Rationalized Female: A New Woman in Weimar Germany?” in Women in Culture and Politics: A Century of Change, ed. Judith Friedlander et al. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986); Lynne Frame, “Gretchen, Girl, Garçonne? Weimar Science and Popular Culture in Search of the Ideal New Woman,” in Women in the Metropolis: Gender and Modernity in Weimar Culture, ed. Katharina von Ankum (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997). 10. This topic has a long historiography including Esther Newton, “The Mythic Mannish Lesbian: Radclyffe Hall and the New Woman,” and Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, “Discourses of Sexuality and Subjectivity: The New Woman, 1870–1936,” both in Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past, ed. Martin Duberman, George Chauncey Jr., and Martha Vicinus (New York: New American Library, 1989); Sheila Jeffreys, The Spinster and Her Enemies: Feminism and Sexuality 1880–1930 (London: Pandora Press, 1985); Lillian Faderman, Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love between Women from the Renaissance to the Present (New York: 199 200 Notes to Introduction William Morrow, 1981); and the essays in Laura Doan and Lucy Bland, eds., Sexology in Culture: Labelling Bodies and Desires (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998). 11. Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988); Joan Wallach Scott, Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Man (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996); and Isabel Hull, Sexuality, State, and Civil Society in Germany, 1700–1815 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996). 12. Geoff Eley, Reshaping the German Right: Radical Nationalism and Political Change After Bismarck (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1991 orig. 1980), 19–24; Dieter Langewiesche, Liberalism in Germany, trans. Christiane Banerji (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000 orig.1988), 228–29. 13. Elizabeth Harvey, “The Failure of Feminism? Young Women and the Bourgeois Feminist Movement in Weimar Germany 1918–1933,” Central European History 28 (1995); Detlef Peukert, The Weimar Republic: The Crisis of Classical Modernity, trans. Richard Deveson (New York: Hill and Wang, 1989), 14–18. 14. An example of this mobilization is the Munich Modern Life Society, described in Peter Jelavich, Munich and Theatrical Modernism: Politics, Playwriting, and Performance, 1890–1914 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985), 26–44. 15. This seems to contrast with the case of women in the United States and Britain. In these settings, middle-class women lived independently, sought education, and formed couples much earlier in the nineteenth century. 16. Patrice Petro, Joyless Streets: Women and Melodramatic Representation in Weimar Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), 103–10; Atina Grossmann, “Girlkultur”; Lynne Frame, “Gretchen, Girl, Garçonne?”; Cornelie Usborne, Politics of the Body in Weimar Germany: Women’s Reproductive Rights and Duties (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992). 17. See Richard W. McCormick, Gender and Sexuality in Weimar Modernity: Film, Literature, and the “New Objectivity” (New York: Palgrave, 2001), ch. 5. 18. Cornelie Usborne, “The New Woman and Generational Conflict: Perceptions of Young Women’s Sexual Mores in the Weimar Republic,” in Generations in Conflict: Youth Revolt and Generation Formation in Germany 1770–1968, ed. Mark Roseman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 157; Dagmar Herzog, Sex After Fascism: Memory and Morality in Twentieth-Century Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), 16. 19. Quoted in Roger Perret, “ ‘Ernst, Würde und Glück des Daseins,’ ” afterword to Lyrische Novelle, by Annemarie Schwarzenbach (Basel: Lenos Verlag, 1999), 130. 20. On the ambiguous sexuality of the androgynous “girl” figure, see Grossmann, “Girlkultur”; Frame, “Gretchen, Girl, Gar...