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acknowledgments Many people kindly helped me as I wrote this book. It is impossible to name them all or thank them enough. I would like to identify the following individuals and institutions and express my deep appreciation of their support. I am tremendously grateful to Dr. Richard J. Smith at Rice University, who taught me, kindly befriended me, and provided guidance and encouragement over the years. I thank my other professors at Rice University, from whom I learned a great deal, and thank the university itself for its generous support . My gratitude also goes to Dr. Roger Ames of the University of Hawai’i at Manoa, who took notice of my study and encouraged me to turn it into a book. I greatly appreciate the support of Duquesne University, especially that of my colleagues in the History Department and McAnulty College of Liberal Arts. Dr. Jean Hunter, the former head of the history department, helped me in innumerous ways and read most chapters in my manuscript. I am also indebted to my former colleagues at St. Mary’s College of Maryland, particularly those in the Division of History and Social Sciences and in the Asian studies program of the college, whose friendship and support I greatly appreciate. In Beijing, at the Institute of Modern History, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, I learned a great deal from many scholars, among them Professors Ding Mingnan, Zhang Zhenkun, and Tao Wenzhao, who guided me when I first started my academic career there. In 2000–01, I returned to the Institute and spent one year there as a visiting scholar. I thank Professor Zhang Haipeng, Professor Wang Jianlang, and Ms. Sun Siyuan for making the visit possible. Also at the Institute, Professor Li Xuetong has been a good friend for many years and has helped me in research on various occasions. I thank Professors Li Shiyue, Chen Guizong, and Zhao Shiyuan who advised me at Jilin University. I did much of my research at the following establishments: the libraries of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; the National Library of China; the Harvard-Yenching Library; the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace; the East Asian Library and the Center for Chinese Studies Library at ix x / acknowledgments UC Berkeley; the U.S. National Archives; and the U.S. Library of Congress. I greatly appreciate the service and assistance provided by the staff at these institutions. Many friends helped me in my early years in the United States, among them Kenneth De Ville, then a fellow graduate student. A grant from the Kalternborn Foundation partly funded my research in the initial stage. For their assistance in turning my manuscript into a book, I express my heartfelt thanks to editors at the SUNY Press, especially Nancy Ellegate, Senior Acquisition Editor, who lent me much support as I worked on the project. I alone am responsible for whatever errors and weaknesses remain in my work. Finally, I want to thank all members of my family. To my parents I dedicate this study; I know they are very happy to see its publication. ...

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