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INDEX abundance, 118–26; ability of species to increase, 126; correcting counts with estimates of detection probability, 120; direct enumeration of, 118; estimated by distance sampling, 118, 122–23; estimated by mark-recapture analysis, 118, 120–22; estimated by occupancy analysis, 123– 24; estimated by sign surveys, 118–20; limitations of estimation techniques, 118; trends and current data, 124–26. See also density; population declines Acacia: A. berlandieri, 80; A. farnesiana, 80; A. rigidula, 80; A. schaffneri, 80 Achnatherum hymenoides, 59 activity patterns: biophysical ecology, 30–32; energetics and, 34–35, 55; nocturnal, 99, 101; unimodal vs. bimodal, 33, 99–100. See also home range and movements adrenocorticotropic hormone, 44 Agave, 80 age calculation by counting growth rings, 14, 56–57, 59, 134–35 aggressive behavior: female–female, 103–4; interspecific, 105; male–male, 37, 41, 103, 104. See also defensive behavior Agrionemys horsfieldii, 71 alanine transaminase (ALT), 75 alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 69, 75 “Allee effect,” 126 allometric influences: on phylogeny, 10; sexual dimorphism and, 55–56 alternative energy projects, 84 Ambrosia, 80; A. dumosa, 79 American Society of Ichthyology and Herpetology (ASIH), vii–viii anesthesia, 68, 70 Appleton Research Ranch, Arizona, 157 Archaic Period: early, 143–44; middle and late, 144–45 arginine vasotocin (AVT), 42 Aristida, 54, 80; A. beyrichiana, 81; A. stricta, 81 Arizona Interagency Desert Tortoise Team (AIDTT), 153 ascites, 70, 75 Aspergillus pneumonia, 73 Astragalus, 94 Baccharis, 80 basking, 33, 83, 96, 100 beak examination, 69 behaviors, submissive and dominant, 103 biochemical analyte values, 68, 69, 75 biophysical ecology, 30–32 biopsy collection, 70 blood collection and testing, 68–69 blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 69, 75 body temperature (Tb), 7, 30–32, 34, 36 bones, 1–2, 7–8, 14–16; growth of, 53 Bouteloua, 80; B. hirsuta, 80 Brachiaria ciliatissima, 80 Brassica tournefortii, 74 brattstromi, 17 breeding programs, 132 bridge, 4, 5, 14, 71 Buchloe dactyloides, 80 buprenorphine, 68 burn injury, 74 burrows/burrowing, 1, 2, 83, 100–101; cooccupation of, 101; counting to estimate abundance, 118–19; defense or usurpation of, 101; effects of anthropogenic disturbances on, 99; estimating proportion inhabited , 119; by hatchlings and juveniles, 33–34, 101; mapping of, 102; morphological evolution for, 21; for nesting, 110; number of, 101; spatial aggregations of, 102; temperature and, 30, 33, 83 Bysmachelys, 19; B. canyonensis, 19 calcium: dietary, 92, 93; ovarian cycle and, 39, 40, 42; plasma level of, 69 calcium oxylate crystals, 74 California Turtle and Tortoise Club, 157 Camissonia, 94; C. claviformis, 90 Candida pneumonia, 73 captive breeding programs, 132 carapace, 15; G. flavomarginatus, 5, 135; G. polyphemus, 4, 139–41; X. agassizii, 2; X. berlandieri, 4; X. moraf kai, 3 carapace length (CL): curved, 134; of desert tortoises, 138; G. berlandieri, 136; G. flavomarginatus, 134–35; G. polyphemus, 139–41; growth and, 54–57; midline, 69, 113, 114, 120, 134, 138; reproductive output and, 113, 114, 138; straight, 134; weight and, 69 carpus, 2, 5 Carya, 80 caseous material, 69, 70, 75 Cenchrus, 80 Cenozoic Era, 16 Center for Biological Diversity, 157 Center for North American Herpetology, vii–viii Centrochelys sulcata, 1 Cercidium, 80 chin (mental) glands, 2, 40, 70, 71. See also subdentary glands Chlamydia infection, 72 Chlamydophila infection, 72 chlorhexidine, 70 184 index distance sampling, 122–23 Distichlis spicata, 80 DNA, 8, 25–29; barcoding, 29; microsatellite analyses, 26, 27, 28, 29, 128; mitochondrial (mtDNA), 25–29, 127–29; nuclear (nuDNA), 8, 26, 27 DNA viruses, 71, 72 dominant behaviors, 103 drinking, 34, 54, 74, 85–86, 87, 94. See also water acquisition drought, 60, 74, 81; climate change and, 35; disease and, 72, 74; egg production and, 138; energetics and, 35; growth effects of, 58; home range and, 98–99; mortality and, 87; physiological adaptations to, 34; threat produced by, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156; tortoise populations and, 125, 132; water acquisition during, 68, 86–87 Dyschoriste, 54 ear: abscesses of, 70; inner, 2, 5–6, 10, 11–12, 15; middle, 2, 8 ecological genetics, 29, 127 egg(s): fertilization of, 37, 39, 42, 134; G. agassizii, 137–40; G. berlandieri, 136; G. flavomarginatus, 135; G. moraf kai, 137– 38; G. polyphemus, 140–41; hatchling size related to size of, 53, 54; incubation of, 42, 46–49, 51, 54, 84, 110; infertility, 135, 141; oviductal, 39, 42, 43, 70, 135; production of, 40; season for laying, 110; shelled, 37, 39, 42, 70, 110; sites for laying, 42, 110–11. See also clutch frequency; clutch size; nesting egg volume (EV), 112–13 egg width (EW), 112–16 embryonic...

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