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Abegunde, D. O., 110 access to healthcare, 3, 83–84, 91–93; diagnostics and medical devices, 60–61, 86; inequities in, 2, 157 access to medicines, 3, 9, 18–19, 29, 53–76, 84, 88–89, 93; barriers to, 55–62, 89; improving supply chains for, 62–76; for pain, 71–72 accredited healthcare retail networks, 73–74 adherence to treatment, 54, 61, 105, 106, 109, 113–18; importance of, 89–91; patient motivation and, 113, 115; promotion of, 19, 36, 63, 64, 75, 90, 92–93, 106, 115–18 affordability of care, 87, 91; and medicines, 55–59, 67–69, 91, 112–13. See also costs of healthcare Africa, 1, 6, 88, 137; clinical trials in, 35; deaths from NCDs in, 121; distribution of medicines in, 66, 74; primary care in, 105–6, 108, 109, 110; regulation of medicines in, 28, 31, 34, 35, 38–39, 45. See also specific countries African Medicines Regulatory Harmonization (AMRH) initiative, 38 African Vaccine Regulatory Forum, 35 Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, 9 alcohol use, 2, 5, 6, 14, 15, 103; Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Effects of Alcohol, 135; sectoral cooperation for control of, 142, 148 Alleyne, George, 19–20, 85, 133–49, 156 Alma Ata Declaration, 102, 105, 122, 143 antiretroviral therapy, 4, 85–91 Aravind Eye Care System, 93 Argentina, 86; Remediar + Redes program, 111 Arogya Parivar, 89 Arogya World, 86 Asian Economic Community (AEC), 39 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), 35, 39, 41 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 39, 41 asthma, 1, 5, 6, 11, 56, 83, 109, 122 Asthma Drug Facility, 68 Australia, 41 Bärninghausen, T., 89–90 Beaglehole, R., 121 “best buys” interventions, 5, 16, 83, 104, 135 best practices, 47, 85–91, 114, 122, 153–55 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 38–39, 146 Bloomberg, Michael R., 17, 18, 20 Blue Book (WHO), 33 Botswana, 111 Brazil, 7, 41, 86, 99, 100, 115, 142; Family Health Program, 107 Bryson, J. M., 139 Cambodia, 106–7 Cameroon, 109, 110, 113 Canada, 9, 143 cancer, 1, 5, 6, 43, 53; breast, 6, 69, 101, 115; cervical, 5, 6, 7, 14, 101, 103, 111–12; deaths from, 6, 14, 99, 101; economic cost of, 100; liver, 6; lung, 6, 7, 11, 103; medical devices for, 60; medicines for, 58, 69; prostate, 7; referral to treatment for, 103, 115 Index 164 Index cardiovascular disease (CVD), 1, 5, 7, 12, 13, 53, 86; deaths from, 1, 6, 14, 84, 99, 100, 102; medical devices for, 60, 76; medicines for, 43, 56, 57, 91, 110; prevention of, 15; primary care for, 103, 116, 122; risk factors for, 83, 105; treatment adherence in, 90; WHO Cardiovascular Risk Management Package, 110 Caribbean Community (CARICOM), 8, 9, 137 Caribbean Health and Family Life Education Program, 141 Center for Global Development, 5 Center for Strategic and International Studies, 8 Central Medicine Stores, 54, 65, 66, 72 certificate of pharmaceutical product (CPP), 33, 34 Chan, Margaret, 5 Changing Diabetes in Children Program, 88 China, 93, 100; hypertension in, 86, 87, 90; multisectoral action in, 142; national medicine regulatory authorities in, 41; pharmaceutical wholesalers in, 74; primary care in, 111, 115, 116 Chinese Ministry of Health, 88 chronic diseases: access to treatment for, 28, 32, 43, 58, 64, 87; adherence to treatment for, 36, 89–91, 92–93, 105, 106, 109, 113–18; call to action for, 3–8; medicines for (see medicines); primary care for, 99–123; in women and girls, 134 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 6, 7, 56, 60, 122 clinical trials, 35, 46–47, 91 Cohen, J. T., 83 communicable diseases, 1, 2; comorbidity with NCDs, 53, 57; deaths due to, 1, 85. See also specific diseases communication technologies, 19, 102, 115–18, 121 community-based approaches, 19, 136, 160; for HIV care, 87, 90, 115; for primary care, 102, 103, 112–16, 121; to promote treatment adherence, 93; sectoral cooperation and, 132, 159 community health workers, 114–15 comorbidity, 57, 101, 105 congestive heart failure, 56, 110 continuity of care, 101, 102, 105–7, 121 coronary artery disease, 56, 57, 90, 102 Costa Rica, 107, 113 costs of healthcare, 2, 57, 61, 147, 153; affordability of, 87, 91; and medicines, 19, 55–59, 67–69, 90; reducing financial burden of, 112–13 Cuba, 115 deaths, 1–2, 5–7, 14, 53, 84–85, 92, 134, 152; avoidable, 2, 6; in developing countries, 6–7, 99, 100, 121, 134; in pain, 71–72 dental...

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