Page numbers in italics indicate figures and tables. abiotic factors in turfgrass establishment, 109 abundance: of food resources, availability of food resources compared to, 81; relative , indices of, 156, 157 accuracy of avian surveys, 156–157 adaptive management, 68 adverse localized effect, 28 agricultural crops, 85, 86, 118–119, 119 aircraft: deer collisions with, 50, 52, 73, 122; destroyed by strikes, 1, 2; radiocontrolled , 17–18, 18. See also bird strikes Air Express Airport, Wilmington, Ohio, 96 Air Force (U.S.), vegetation management of, 106–107 air operations area (AOA), defined, 154 airports: demands on, x; multiple uses for, 4, 168–169; roosting aggregations near, 31; surface water coverage of, 93. See also specific airports air traffic control and avian radar, 4 air travel, frequency of, 2 alarm calls of birds, 39–40 alert responses, cueing, 11 Allan, J. R., 40 Alldredge, M. W., 161 alternative energy sources at airports, 4, 168 animal movements: applications for reducing strikes from, 133–134; integration of spatial scale with, 132–133, 133; management of, 135; motivations for, 132; overview of, 129, 135; principles of, 130–132; techniques for investigation of, 134–135; types of, 129–130 animals. See animal movements; birds; mammals annual population cycle, 69, 69 antipredator behavior, exploitation of, 15, 38–39 AOA (air operations area), defined, 154 aposematic invertebrate prey, avoidance of, 15 auditory repellents: biosonic stimuli, 39– 40; exploders, 40–41, 41; overview of, 37, 42; pyrotechnics, 40, 40 auditory systems: of birds, 26, 37–38; of mammals, 37, 38 Avery, M. L., 15, 16, 41 avian radar: air traffic control procedures and, 4; collecting and processing data from, 146, 146; overview of, 148; performance and data quality of, 145–146; recent developments in, 147–148; technical specifications for, 144, 144–145; use of data from, 147; validation issues in, 146–147 avian survey methods. See survey methods avoidance behaviors: chemical repellents and, 27; natural signal colors from prey and, 15; predation risk and, 134 Baker, J. A., 81 Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, 62 Barras, A. E., 16 barriers, 41, 41. See also fences, exclusionary Bart, J., 160, 161 Baxter, A. T., 40 Begier, M. J., 108 behavioral bases for chemical repellents, 26, 26–28 Belant, J. L., 40, 56, 133 Belser, C. G., 143 Bendel, P. R., 62 Bernhardt, G. E., 16, 82, 133–134, 167 best management practices for stormwater containment, 94 bias in avian surveys, 156, 157 biodiversity in airport environments, 4 biofuel crops, 119–120, 120, 169 Biondi, K. M., 131–132 biosolids application in grasslands, 108 biosonic stimuli, 39–40 bioswales, 98, 99 biotic factors in turfgrass establishment, 109 birds: auditory systems of, 26, 37–38; conservation of, 120–122; land cover and, 118, 119; movement behavior and food resources, 80; nonlearned and learned responses of, 26; population increases in, 2–3; risks caused outside airport fences from, 3–4; species-specific responses to vegetation management by, 107; tactile systems of, 38; visual deterrents for, 18; visual systems of, 13–14, 26; vultures, 62–63, 80; water resources and, 93–94. See also bird strikes; food resources; survey methods; specific species Bird Strike Committee Canada, 3 Bird Strike Committee Europe, 3 bird strikes: databases on, 3; at higher altitudes , x; history of, 1; multiple-ingestion events, 2; risk assessment for, 162–163; statistics on, 155; translocation to reduce, 62–64; US Airways Flight 1549 and, ix, 2, 132, 167; water resources and, 93. See also auditory repellents; avian radar; chemical repellents; lethal control; radar technology; stormwater management; turfgrass management; visual deterrents black bears, 39, 42, 50, 61 Blackwell, B. F., 13, 15, 16–18, 42, 63, 80, 82, 97, 121 Bleriot, Louis, 1 Bollinger, E. K., 121 Bomford, M., 40 Breck, S. W., 42 Brenneisen, S., 98 Index 178 index broadleaf-selective herbicides in vegetation management, 107–108 Brooks, R. J., 81 Bruderer, B., 145 Buckley, P. A., 81 Buffalo Niagara International Airport, 96 Buler, J. J., 143 Burnham, K. P., 160 burning of grassland habitats, 108 Canada geese: chemical repellents for, 30– 31, 31; lasers and, 16; movements of, 133, 133; near LaGuardia Airport, 72, 72–73, 73; radio-controlled aircraft and, 17–18, 18; translocation of, 61; turfgrass species and, 85, 110, 110; US Airways Flight 1549 and, ix, 2, 132, 167 canids, visual systems of, 13. See also coyotes carnivores: exclusion of, 49, 50–51, 51, 52; translocation of, 61. See also coyotes; mammals carrion, 85, 87, 88 Casement, M. B...