Zooplankton of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts: A Guide to Their Identification and Ecology

Contents

Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xi INTRODUCTION TO ZOOPLANKTON 1 Adaptations to Planktonic Life 2 Feeding 2 Locomotion 5 Vertical Migrations and Selective Tidal Transport 5 Defense 6 Adaptations of Planktonic Larvae 7 Factors Affecting Zooplankton Distribution 9 Plankton Distribution and Ocean Currents 10 Coastal Waters 11 Thermoclines and Coastal Stratification: Invisible Boundaries 12 Cross-Shelf Transport to Nearshore and Estuarine Areas 13 Tides and Tidal Currents 14 Coastal Embayments 15 Salinity and Estuarine Stratification 16 Benthic Habitats and Zooplankton Distribution 17 Estuarine and Coastal Planktonic Food Webs 18 Primary Productivity 18 Planktonic Food Webs 19 The “Classic” Phytoplankton → Herbivore Food Web 19 The Microbial Loop 20 Food Web Dynamics 20 A Brief History of Zooplankton Research 22 Pioneers in Zooplankton Research 22 Collection Techniques: Old and New 24 Plankton Nets 24 Plankton Pumps, Traps, and New Technologies 26 Automated Plankton Samplers, Acoustic Technology, and Video Techniques 27 Zooplankton and Environmental Quality 27 Hypoxia 27 Harmful Algal Blooms 30 Invasive and Introduced Species 30 Climate Change 31 Suggested Readings 33 IDENTIFICATION and BIOLOGY of COMMON ZOOPLANKTON How to Use This Book to Identify Zooplankton 45 Quick Picks 49 Phytoplankton 59 Protozooplankton 76 Cnidarians: Anemones, Jellyfishes, and Related Metazoans 84 Hydrozoans 85 Scyphozoans and Cubozoans 110 Ctenophores: Comb Jellies and Sea Walnuts 124 Rotifers 130 Cirripedes: Barnacle Larvae 136 Cladocerans and Ostracods 138 Copepods 148 Mysids: Opossum Shrimps 184 Amphipods, Isopods, Tanaidaceans, and Cumaceans 198 Decapods: Shrimps, Crabs, and Related Crustaceans 218 Stomatopods: Mantis Shrimps 262 Sea Spiders, Mites, and Insects 264 Annelids: Segmented Worms and Nematodes 267 Molluscs: Gastropods, Bivalves, and Cephalopods 278 Chaetognaths: Arrow Worms 290 Echinoderm Larvae: Starfishes and Sea Urchins 298 Less Common Ciliated Invertebrate Larvae 300 vi CONTENTS Lower Chordates: Larvaceans, Sea Squirts, Salps, Doliolids, and Lancelets 302 Fish Larvae 310 APPENDIXES 1. Collecting Zooplankton 351 2. Observing Zooplankton 356 3. Relaxing, Fixing, and Preserving Zooplankton 361 4. Sample Processing and Data Analysis 367 5. Regional Zooplankton Surveys 372 Glossary 383 Literature Cited 389 Index 441 CONTENTS vii This page intentionally left blank ...