Biomedical Computing: Digitizing Life in the United States

Index

index accessibility, computer, 141, 143–44, 148–49, 151, 165, 188, 262, 272 ACCR (Advisory Committee on Computers in Research, NIH), 16, 66, 88–92, 95, 99–123, 160, 163, 172–73, 207, 210; and W. Clark, 145–50, 154, 157; and computer grants, 97, 99–102, 103, 105, 108–10, 293n103; and LINC, 100, 110–12, 114–15, 123; and Stanford U., 230, 233–36, 314n55. See also CRSS ACME (Advanced Computer for Medical Research), 17, 116, 253–58, 261–66, 270, 320n158, 320n159, 320n163, 320n165 ACTA (Automatic Computerized Transverse Axial) scanner, 17, 23, 215–16, 271, 295n145, 310n93, 310n95 ADAD (Automatic Device for Antibiotic Determination), 210–11 Adey, William Ross, 89, 105, 114, 294n113 Advanced Development Group, MIT, 133, 138, 145 advocacy for computing, 65–68, 72, 144, 191–94, 220–21, 235–36, 256–57, 269–70, 314n50. See also Ledley; Lusted; NIH Aiken, Howard H., 13, 76–77, 125, 279n29 Airborne Instrument Laboratory (AIL), 57–58, 106, 285n129 Air Force, US (USAF), 69–71, 76, 127, 134, 172, 287–88n4, 294n118 Akera, Atsushi, 287–88n4 Alway, Robert H., 225–26, 253, 312n27 Analog Correlator System, 131 Analog Electronic Correlator, 131 analog-to-digital conversion, 83, 107–10, 151–53, 176, 178, 229, 231, 242, 256, 292n98 Andersen, Harlan, 129 Anderson, John, 18 Anne, Antharvedi, 189, 307n50 Apple Computer, 167–69, 190 “Application of Computing Techniques to Brain Function” (grant), 105 “Applications of Artificial Intelligence for Chemical Inference,” 261 ARC (Average Response Computer), 139–41, 150, 151–52, 300n58, 300n60 ARDC (Air Research and Development Command), 69–71, 288n10 ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency, Dept. of Defense), 145, 148, 169, 174, 251, 275, 318n118 ARPANET, 266, 270 artificial intelligence (AI), 99, 241–43, 247–50, 252, 268, 273–74, 298n25, 316n97; and DENDRAL, 9, 258–60, 274; and SUMEX-AIM, 220, 265–66 Art of Computer Programming series (Knuth), 227 ASCA (Airplane Stability and Control Analyzer), 126 Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 235, 268 ASWORG (Anti-Submarine Warfare Operations Research Group), 39–40, 45 asynchronous computing, 275–76 Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure (Dayhoff), 10, 17, 210, 216–19, 267, 274, 310n105 332 Index Atomic Energy Commission, 125, 214 Attinger, Ernst O., 188–89 automated biology laboratory, 241, 252, 303n113 “Average Response Computer (ARC)” (W. Clark et al.), 140 Axiomatic Method in Biology (Woodger), 240 bacteriophages, 28, 237, 280n24 BALGOL (Burroughs Algol), 243, 247, 250, 256 Bardini, Thierry, 143, 301n76 Barker, Winona C., 219 Barlow, John S., 87, 130, 131, 298n32 Barnett, G. Octo, 98–99, 197, 200–208, 271 batch processing, 34, 126, 135, 146, 148, 151, 170, 192, 262, 297n10 Bayes’ theorem, 59–62, 113, 114, 286n141, 286n147 Bayne-Jones, Stanhope, 292n94 BBN. See Bolt Beranek and Newman Beadle, George, 223, 240, 311n9 Beevers-Lipson strips, 30–35, 281n37 Bell, C. Gordon, 167 Bendix G-15, 99 Bennett, John Makepeace, 31–35, 281n44 Berkeley, Edmund, 125, 131 Berman, Mones, 157 Bernal, J. D., 24 Berry, V. B., 82–83 Berzelius, Jöns Jakob, 245 Best, Dick, 139 Bethe, Hans Albrecht, 283n84 biochemistry, 27, 37, 157, 188, 226, 237–38, 241–42, 252, 257 bioinformatics, 15, 17–18 Biological Laboratory Data (Hale), 82–83 biology vs. medicine, 17–18, 173, 194–95, 202, 209, 255 Biomedical Computer Laboratory (BCL, Washington U.), 163–64 BioMedical Data Packages (BMDP), 103–4 biophysics, 51, 72, 77, 84, 130, 189, 238 Black Cloud (Hoyle), 34 Blackett, Patrick, 24 Blair, Tony, 2 BLAST bioinformatics program, 78 Blough, Donald S., 176, 180–84, 306–7n30 Boeree, George, 181 Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN), 99, 137, 158, 200, 202, 204–6, 302n111 Boneau, C. Alan, 161, 176, 180, 184–87, 307n36 Boniolo, Giovanni, 283n75 Boole, George, 240 Bowker, Al, 232 Brackett, Frederick Sumner, 72–79, 98, 291n69 Bragg, W. H., 27–28 Bragg, W. L., 27–28 Brazier, Mary A. B., 105–6, 294n115 Brenner, Sydney, 285n109 BRI (Brain Research Institute, UCLA), 102, 105–6, 114, 123, 140, 294n115 Brin, Sergey, 322n15 Britt, Patricia M., 103 Bronowski, Jacob, 259–60 Brookhaven National Laboratory, 84 Brown, Jack Harold Upton, 85 Brown, Robert, 139 Buchanan, Bruce G., 258–62, 319n145 Burroughs computers, 243, 256 Bush, Vannevar, 6, 311n6 Cacerces, Caesar, 295n145 Calvin, Melvin, 238 Canada, 214 Cannan, R. Keith, 71, 88, 288n12 cardiovascular research, 176–78, 229–30, 264, 306n12 Carnegie Technical Institute, Carnegie Mellon U., 247–48, 293n102 Carter, Jimmy, 296n146 Caspersson, Torbjörn, 262 CBL (Communications Biophysics Group, MIT), 130–31, 134–35, 137–39, 141, 144, 152–53, 157, 189, 297n23...