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Index
Page numbers in italics refer to photos and illustrations.
Aberdeen, Virginia, 154–55
advertisements for sporting tourism, 118–20, 123–28, 198n21
agriculture, decline of, 117, 118
Alabama, and Moncure and Rutherfoord bill, 162
Alden, William H., 100
Allen, Robert Henderson, 42
Alston, Charles Pringle, 35–36
Alston, J. Motte, 50–51
Amelia Island, Florida, 17–18
Amos, 91–92
Anderson, Nelson, 130
Anderson, Tommy, 131
Ansell, Henry B., 48
aristocratic ideals, projection of, 82–83, 86, 120, 121–22
Audubon Society, 143, 150, 153.
See also South Carolina Audubon Society Austin, Richard Henry, 163–64
Ayers, Edward, 117
backwardness and ignorance, descriptions of, 67–70
Ball, Alwyn, 28
Ball, Charles, 3
Baptiste, Jean, 91
Barney, 93
bear hunting, 68–69, 109, 202n12
Beaufort, South Carolina, 119–20. See also Chelsea Plantation Club
Beaufort Gazette, 138–39, 148–49
Beaver Dam Duck Club, 133–34
Bell, Virginia, 30
Berkeley County, South Carolina, 131, 132–33, 147, 168–69, 173
Bevier, Isabel, 19
Bigelow, Horatio, 88
bird hunting, 31–32, 36, 75–76
black belt, 6–7
black codes, 12
“Black Duck Shooting” lithograph, 106
Blue-Grass and Rhododendron: Out-Doors in Old Kentucky (Fox), 25–26, 58
boatmen, 130
Boatswain Smashum (Bo’sun), 28
bobolinks, 30
Bolick, Uncle Simon, 126
Bond, Scott, 29
Boyd, Alfred and Henry, 88
Boykin, Henry D., II, 135, 173
Boykin, W. Ancrum, 135
Boykin Hunting Club, 135
Brimley, Herbert Hutchinson, 55, 143, 146, 157
Bristow, 98
Broadwater Club, 111
Brooks, Norman, 94
Brown, Rufus, 29
Brown, Stephen, 33
Brown, Titus, 134
Bruce, Philip A., 41–42
Bruce, William Allen, 99–100
Brunswick, Georgia, 111
Bryant, H. F. C., 126–27
Buckingham, Nash, 133
Buckingham, T. N., 154–55
Burke, Sarah Woods, 25
Burnham, J. B., 84
Cable, George Washington, 15
Cain, Edmund, 36
Carleton, Henry Guy, 127
Carnegie, Lucy, 111
Carolina Sports by Land and Water (Elliott), 114
Carpenter, R. R. M., 132
Carter, Sarah, 24
Carter, Thomas Henry, 27
cartridges, 23
Cave, Edward, 128
Charleston & Western Carolina Railway, 119–20, 122
Chasseur (pseudonym), 25, 50, 52
Chelsea Plantation Club, 27, 28–29, 111, 133
Chesnutt, Charles W., 188
Clare, 30
class status, 2, 53–55, 115, 142.
See also aristocratic ideals, projection of; poor whites
racial hierarchy Cleveland, Grover, 111, 120
clubs, 129–32, 147, 168–69. See also specific clubs
Collier, Holt, 110, 112–14, 124, 132, 136
Collins, Louis, 89
compensation of sporting labor, 95–97, 130–31
conservation movement, 138
contradictions in sporting narratives, 70–76, 170–72
control over black population: cultural traditions and, 166–67
sporting labor as, 80–81
sportsmen and, 47, 51, 56–57. See also restrictions on hunting and fishing
“Coon Club Hunt, The” (lithograph), 69
coon hunting. See raccoon hunting Cooperative Extension Services, 184n29
cotton land, 118
cowardice, accusations of, 66–67
Coyne, Fletcher, 29
Cumberland Island, 111
Cunningham, C. Wayne, 86–87, 89, 97
Currier & Ives lithographs, 69, 106
Currituck County, North Carolina, 48, 210n12
Currituck Shooting and Fishing Club, 147
Dabney, R. L., 39
Dabney, Thomas S., 40
Davis, Caesar, 88
Davis, Ed, 22
Davis, Henry Edward: on former slaves, 33
on Negro hunters, 26
on Old John, 70
on sportsmen, 57
Deas, Anne Simon, 28
Deep Souths: Delta, Piedmont, and Sea Island Society in the Age of Segregation (Harris), 5
deference, traditional patterns of, 70, 102–3
depletion of wildlife, 48–49, 118, 144, 195n79, 209n9
Devereux, Thomas P., 152
Dismal Swamp, 19–20, 90, 183n27
Dixie; or Southern Scenes and Sketches (Ralph), 18–19
dogs, hunting, 1–2, 10–11, 23–25, 91–92
Dorsey, Frank and Calvin, 201n8
duck hunting: complaints about, 66, 160
Currier & Ives lithograph of, 106
with sporting labor, 133–34
transportation and, 48
on water, 26
Duffer, Simeon H., 27
Duncan, Cage, 28
DuPont Corporation, 130
Ebenezer, 41
Edwards, Sampson, 131
Elliott, William, 114
Emancipation, hunting, fishing, and subsistence after, 15–26
employers: complaints by, 45
feeding of farmhands by, 26–27
enforcement of fish and game laws, 63, 151–52, 210n25
Ennolds, Bill, 201n8
entertainment by servants, 93–94, 106–7
“Essay on the Subject of Labor” (Good-wyn Agricultural Club), 12–13
Evans, John, 17
Fair Oaks plantation, 135
fair sporting methods, 65–67
Farner, Frank, 30
fear of wild animals, alleged, 104
Fidlar, Chester L., 84
firearms. See guns fire hunting, 25–26
Fish, Stuyvesant, 110
fish and game associations, 142, 145–46, 147
fish and game departments, state, 165–66
fish and game laws. See legislation fishermen, 19, 28, 37, 173–75
“Fishing of Mr. and Mrs. Bias, The” (Field and Stream), 158
fishing, tarpon, 127–28
fish trapping, 201n5
Fly, B. F., 27
Foote, Huger, 110
Ford, F. C., 63
Ford, Heywood, 1–2
Fortman, George, 15
fox hunting, 69, 82–83, 99–100, 126–27, 188n79
Frazer, William H., 67–68
Fripp, John Edwin, 27, 28–29, 133
Frissell, H. B., 19
From Slave Cabin to the Pulpit (Randolph), 26
Fulkes, Minnie, 16
Gabe, 30
game preserves, 49, 110–11, 119–20, 128–29
game wardens, violence against, 161, 165
Gannett, William C., 14
George, 33
Georgetown, South Carolina, 149, 154, 204n29
Gibbes, W. H., 165
Gibbie, 42–43
Glenn, Robert, 15
Glories of the Carolina Coast (Rice), 104–5
Glover, Samuel, 130
Gohdes, Clarence, 115
Gonzales, Ambrose, 28
Goodwyn Agricultural Club, 12–13
Goose-Creek Club, 63
Goslings Hunting Club, 147
Gourdine family, 134
Grant, Charles, 89
gratuities for sporting labor, 131–32
Green, Sam and Sidney, 135, 136
Grinnell, George Bird, 211n36
guides: for clubs, 131
and success in field, 88–90, 105–6
guns: and amount of wildlife killed, 48, 49, 53
and federal government, 21
importance of, 22–23
ownership of, 164
sportsmen’s complaints about, 52–53
taxes on ownership of, 152–53, 160, 164
Hadley, Dock, 135
Hadley, James, 134
Hagan, Francis J., 102
Hale, Halcyon, 121
Hallock, Charles, 24
Harris, J. William, 5, 20, 117
Harris’ Neck, Georgia, 34
Hawthorne, Sally, 38
Helm, George M., 110
Helper, Hinton A., 121
Herman, Daniel Justin, 115
Heywood, Frank A., 90, 133, 155
Hinds, Howell, 113
Historical Atlas of the Plantations of the ACE River Basin-1860 (Linder), 98
Hogs Island preserve, 111
Holt Collier Wildlife Interpretation and Education Center, 112
Home by the River (Rutledge), 74
Horace, 133–34
Hornaday, William Temple, 47
Hough, Emerson, 57, 79, 80, 118, 121
Howard, Colonel, 156
Howard, H. M., 92
Howard, Tom, 92–93
“How Farm Tenants Live” (N.C. State Cooperative Extension Service), 20
Howland, Henry E., 111
“How Old Sport Stopped the Game Hog’s Little Game” (cartoon), 99
Huguenin, Julius, 83
humor in sporting narratives, 103–6
Hunter, Alexander, 22, 23, 32, 49, 53, 57
Hunter, David, 182n7
Hunter’s Choice (Rutledge), 73–74
huntsmen: and alligator hunting, 126
compensation of, 131
contemporary, 173–75
and fox hunting, 69
and opossum hunting, 31
plantation, 28
and raccoon hunting, 60
Hutchinson Island Preserve, 119
idleness, complaints of, 41–42, 158–59
Ills of the South, The (Otken), 158
independence, white attitude toward black, 140, 144–46, 157–58, 172
independent economic activities: complaints about, 4, 7, 43–44
and labor question, 38–43
mutuality, interdependence, and, 13–15
and racial hierarchy, 2–3
during slavery, 3–4
stories about, 1–2
for subsistence, 11–12.
See also market activities investment in South, 110–11, 116–17, 119, 189n102
Isiah, 74–75
J.D.H., 55
Jekyll Island Club, 111
Jim Crow segregation, 138
Job, Herbert K., 128
John March, Southerner (Cable), 15
Johnson, Ben, 202n8
Jones, James Philip, 16
Jones, Toby and Govie, 18
King, Edward, 16–17, 31, 33, 52, 70, 83
King, James, 113
King, Sylvia, 23
Kinloch Gun Club, 129–32
Kit, 133
Knotts Island, North Carolina, 48
labor: African-Americans as avoiding, 38–43, 164
managing and keeping, 10–11
labor, sporting: benefits of, 81–82, 95–101
compensation for, 95–97, 130–31
as control over black population, 80–81
and deference, 102–3
descriptions of, 86–88
and display of skill, 97–98, 171–72
and dog-handlers, 91–92
dual function of, 107–8
and duck hunting, 133–34
entertainment, social life, and, 93–94, 106–7
and fox hunting, 82–83
gratuities for, 131–32
and guides, 88–90
and length of service, 134–36
and locations of work, 111, 129
at public and private clubs, 128–34
and race relations, 84–86, 101–7, 111–14, 135–36
and restrictions on hunting, 132–33
role of, 78–79, 91, 94, 95, 100
and sporting tourism, 124, 172–73
as stepping out of place, 98–100
symbolic importance of, 83–84
and tasks, 88, 90–91, 92–93, 133–34
and white authority, 101–7
land, posting off-limits, 155
landowners: complaints by, 16, 45
game preserves of, 110–11
labor as central concern of, 11–13
as posting land off-limits, 155
requirement for permission from, 138–39, 153–54
Landy, N. B., 165–66
Lavender, Dr., 156
LeConte, Joseph, 122–23
Leffingwell, William Bruce, 118
Legare, Peter and Richard, 130
legislation: enforcement of, 63, 151–52, 210n25
fish and game, 47
as inadequate, 49–50
Leigh, Frances Butler, 30–31, 39–40, 41
Liberty Hall Club, 63
licenses, hunting, 138–39
Limehouse, J. F., 36
Limus, 14
Linder, Suzanne C., 98
Lipton, A. J., 68
Longino, Andrew H., 109
Love, James Lee, 26
Lovely, Josh, 28
Lowe, Harry F., 133
Lowery, Irving E., 35
loyalty, of blacks, 102, 113–14, 126–27, 136
Mallard, Robert Q., 111
Marchant, F., 31
market activities: amount of game taken for, 63–64, 65
fish and game, 29–33
and fishing, 34–35
independence and, 36–38
and terrapin hunting, 33–34
and trespassing, 35–36
and wildlife law advocates, 155–56
master-servant relationship. See labor, sporting Mather, Fred, 64–65, 96–97
McCarty, William Page, 120
McDougall, Thomas, 201n8
Mcllhenny, John, 110
Michel, Abram and John, 131
Middleton Park, Ireland, 94
Miller, Isam, 36
Mitchell, Christine, 17
Mitchell, Jim, 130
Moncure and Rutherfoord bill, 161–62, 165
Montague, R. L., 128
Moses, 99–100
“Moses, the Tale of a Dog” (Hagan), 102
Murdock, M. L., 32
Murphy, John Mortimer, 104
Myers, Cy, 134
Myers, Gabriel, 22–23, 24–25, 132
narratives: contradictions in, 70–76, 170–72
deference in, 102–3
humor in, 103–6
of sporting excursions, 101–2
on duck hunting, 66
on quail depletion, 72
National Survey of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife-Associated Recreation (USFWS), 173–74
Native Americans, 115
Norfolk and Western Railroad, 198n21
North Carolina: Currituck County, 48, 210n12
Knotts Island, 48
sporting tourism in, 116
North Carolina and Its Resources (N.C. State Board of Agriculture), 116
North Carolina Audubon Society, 143, 153
nostalgia, and sporting tourism, 122–28
Oaks Hunting Club, 147
Odom, Eugene P., 55
Old Proph, 16
Olds, H. W., 143
Old South: as halcyon age of Southern sport, 46, 51–52, 57–58, 113–14, 170
nostalgia for, 122–28
and plantation experience, 122–24
and poverty, 121–22
“Old-Time Negro” device, 102
Oliphant, Jas. H., 41
“Opening the Hunt” (Ravenel), 168–69
opossum hunting, 59–62, 68, 85
Otken, Charles H., 158
oysters, 31
Palmer, Charlie and Frank, 29
Parker, John M., 110
Participation and Expenditure Patterns of African-American, Hispanic and Women Hunters and Anglers (USFWS), 174
passenger pigeon, American, 144
Pebble Hill Plantation, 134, 135, 173
Percy, LeRoy, 110
periodicals, sporting, 118–19, 144, 149–50, 154
pests, protection against, 28–29
Peters, Pop, 32
Petersburg, Virginia, 155
Phelps, S., 93
Philbrick, Edward, 14
Philips, Ethelred, 16
Pinehurst Resort, 111
plantation experience, 122–24
plantations: as clubs, 129–32
huntsmen and fishermen of, 28
and literature, 196n87
longing for mythologized, 57–58
purchase of, 206n63. See also specific plantations
Polite, Isaac, 100–101
Polk, L. L., 49
Pollard, Thomas, 40–41
poor whites, 5, 66, 131, 194n61, 196n82
possum hunting. See opossum hunting “Possumist, The,” 68
posting land off-limits, 155
poverty of region, 17–20, 121–22
powder and shot, 23
predators, protection against, 28–29
Pringle, Elizabeth Allston, 32, 34–35, 42–43
Proctor, Nicholas, 80
quail hunting, 71–73, 97–98, 154, 209n11
“Quail Hunt in North Carolina, A” (Forest and Stream), 103
quotations of African Americans, 68
raccoon hunting, 59–62, 60, 90, 96, 107
racial conservation, 140–41, 158–65, 169–70
racial hierarchy: in advertisements, 125–28
celebration of, 168–69
and complaints of sportsmen, 51–52
and field sports, 79–82
hunting, fishing, and, 2, 5, 64–65, 114–15
and sporting inferiority, 67–76
and sporting labor, 107, 111–14, 135–36
and sporting tourism, 84–86, 115–16
and wildlife protection, 148–58. See also white supremacy
rail, 36
railroads, 93, 119–20, 122, 123, 198n21
Randolph, Peter, 26
Rankin, George Clark, 96
Ravenel, Henry William, 26
Ravenel, M. E., 168–69
Red River, Louisiana, 64–65
Reeves, L. P., 161
restrictions on hunting and fishing: Audubon Society and, 150–52
coalition of interests in, 140, 150
endurance of activities in face of, 173–75
impact of, 166–67
racial hierarchy and, 148–58
repeal of, 147
resistance to, 141–44
in South Carolina, 138–39
state-by-state action, 161–63
in twentieth century, 139–41
white suspicions about, 140–42, 146, 153
for wildlife conservation and “racial conservation,” 158–65
rewards, noncash, for sporting labor, 96–97
Reynolds, Mary, 17
Rice, James Henry, Jr.: activities of, 150–52
on Audubon Society, 137
on bird hunting, 31–32
on bobolink, 29
on duck hunting, 160
Glories of the Carolina Coast, 104–5
on natural resource protection, 147
on St. Helena Island, 18
on taxes on guns, 160
rice growing, 117
Richard, 75
Richardson, A. A., 163–65
rights, customary use: after Emancipation, 15–17
independence and, 170
labor evasion and, 164
labor question and, 11, 40–43. See also restrictions on hunting and fishing
Rivers, Jacob F., III, 86, 114
Rogers, George C., Jr., 120, 123
Roller, John Edwin, 51
Roosevelt, Mittie, 111
Roosevelt, Robert Barnwell, 36, 48
Roosevelt, Theodore, 109–10, 111, 112–13, 115, 132
Rutledge, Archibald Hamilton: on bird-minders, 29
on black game, 59–60
contradictions in writings of, 73–75
on former slave, 171
on Negro hunters, 16
on Washington, 133
Sam (Mather story), 64–65, 96–97
Sam (Rutledge story), 75
Sandys, Edward W., 106–7
Santee Gun Club, 133
Schuricht, K. H., 152–53
Scott, Charles, 29
Scott, Patti Jane Watkins, 28
Scudder, A. M., 55
Seaboard Air Line Railway, 93, 119, 198n21
self-control on sporting field, 200n67
Sharper, Frank, 63
Shavender, Sam, 133
Shocco Game Association, 49
Silber, Nina, 122
Singleton, William, 130
skill, displays of, 97–98, 171–72
slavery: hunting during, 85–86, 185n38
justification for, 192n25
myths of, 114
WPA narratives on, 181n2
Smedes, Susan Dabney, 40
Smith, Harry Worcester, 24, 89–90, 94
Snyder, Henry, 133
South: contemporary hunting and fishing in, 174–75
geography of, 20–21
history of hunting in, 2
investment in, 110–11, 116–17, 119, 189n102
natural bounty of, 18, 20–21, 39
and sporting tourism, 84. See also Old South specific states
South Carolina: Beaufort, 119–20
hunting licenses in, 138–39
licensing law in, 163–65. See also Beaufort Gazette; Berkeley County, South Carolina Chelsea Plantation Club South Carolina Lowcountry St. Helena Island
South Carolina Audubon Society: activities of, 150–52, 159–61
enforcement power of, 63, 151–52
on taxes on guns, 153. See also Rice, James Henry, Jr.
South Carolina Lowcountry: control of black population in, 157
rice growing in, 117
sporting preserves in, 129
sportsmen in, 57
surplus weapons in, 21
Southern Railway, 119, 123, 198n21
Sport Fishing and Boating Partnership Council, 175
Sporting Family of the Old South, A (H. W. Smith), 89–90
sporting ideal, white, 50–59, 76–77
sporting tourism: advertisements for, 118–20, 123–28, 198n21
and African-American labor, 107–8
biracial nature of, 114–15
choice of South for, 84
and climate, 120
in economy, 112, 116–17, 119, 144
emergence of, 79
and hospitality, 121
in North Carolina, 116
and nostalgia, 122–28
overview of, 7–8
peak of, 115–16, 117–18, 169–70
popularity of, 172–73
and population growth, 120–21
and race relations, 84–86, 115–16
restrictions on hunting, fishing, and, 142–43
retreats for, 110–11
and Roosevelt, 109–10
servants for, 78–82
sportsmen: complaints by, 45–46, 47, 50–51, 59–67, 165–66
multi-pronged message of, 76–77
and quality of field sports, 46
and relationship with black servants, 58–59
St. Helena Island, 18, 50, 83, 124
Rifle and Sporting Club, 100
St. John’s Hunting Club, 168–69
stereotypes of African American behavior, 67–70, 101–2, 104, 108, 158–59
Stoney, Peter Gaillard, 134
Stoney, Sam, Jr., 117
Stoney, Samuel Gaillard, 134
Strother, David Hunter, 208n91
Stuart, Ruth McEnery, 16
subsistence: impoverishment and, 17–20
labor problem and, 33
options for, 11–12
sporting codes and, 65, 194n61
Sutton, Samuel, 166
swamps, 38
Swiveller, Dick, 88
tarpon fishing, 127–28
taxes on gun ownership, 152–53, 160, 164
Taylor, B. F., 151
terrapin hunting, 33–34, 155–56
Thomas, Edward J., 82
Thomas, Joe, 94
Thorpe, David Franklin, 83, 100, 124
Thrash, Wiley, 94
Toland, John, 132
Tom, 97–98
Torrey, Bradford, 89
tourism. See sporting tourism Tracy, Marguerite, 155
transportation tasks, 88
trapping, 25
Trimble, George Washington, 10–11
Tucker, Robert Pinckney, 49, 128
turkey hunting, 66–67
Turner, Stephen, 88
Uncle Ned, 23
“Unkel David’s Letter” (Field and Stream), 149–50
U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, 195n74
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), 173–75, 195n74
Vanderhorst, Toby, 130
Vinson, M. G., 152
Virginia: Aberdeen, 154–55
and Moncure and Rutherfoord bill, 161–62
Virginia Fish and Game Protective Association, 142, 145–46, 147, 157, 159
Wack, Henry Wellington, 127–28, 171
Wallace, Freeman, 202n8
Wallace, John H., 154, 162, 166
Walters, James Booth, 48–49
“War Boy” (Wilkins), 95
Washington, Henry, 133
Washington, Sam, 134
watchmen, 130
weapons. See guns Webster, Sam, 94
Wells, Fred J., 89
West, Zeb, 32
Wheeler, Dolph, 94
White, Mingo, 22
white sporting ideal, 50–59, 76–77
white supremacy, 47, 81, 101, 172–73.
See also racial hierarchy Whiting, David Brainard, 67
Wilder, H. P., 63
wildlife: alleged black fear of, 104
amount killed, and guns, 48, 49, 53
depletion of, 48–49, 118, 144, 195n79, 209n9
free availability of, and democracy, 141
wildlife protection. See restrictions on hunting and fishing Wilkins, B. H., 28, 95
Wilkinson, Andrews, 41, 91, 92–93, 96
Wilkinson, H. W., 92
Willet, N. L., 122
Wise, John Sargent, 143
Wolf, Fred W., Jr., 125
Women’s, Hispanics’, and African Americans’ Participation in, and Attitudes toward, Boating and Fishing (Responsive Management), 175
Wood, E. J. C., 127
Worth, Thomas, 106
Yazoo Delta, Mississippi, 110, 129
Yazoo National Wildlife Refuge, 112
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