Cannibal Encounters: Europeans and Island Caribs, 1492–1763

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. Bryan Edwards, The history, civil and commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies, 2 vols. (London: Stockdale, 1793), 2:391. 2. Peter Hulme, Colonial Encounters: Europe and the Native Caribbean (London : Methuen, 1986). 3. C. S. S. Higham, The Development of the Leeward Islands under the Restoration , 1660-1688 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1921); Vincent T. Harlow, ed., Colonising Expeditions to the West Indies and Guiana, 1623-1667 (London: Haklyut Society, 1925); Sir Alan Burns, History of the British West Indies, 2nd ed. (London: Allen and Unwin, 1964); Arthur P. Newton, Colonising Activities of the English Puritans: The Last Phase of the Elizabethan Struggle with Spain (New Haven: YaleUniversity Press, 1914), 85. An otherwise excellent contemporary work that suffers from the same failing is Michael Craton, Testing the Chains: Resistance to Slavery in the British West Indies (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982). 4. Joseph Rennard, Baas, Blenac ou les Antillesfrangaises au xviie siecle (Fort de France, Martinique: Alexandre, 1935). 5. Higham, The Development of the Leeward Islands, 35; Harlow, ed., Colonising Expeditions, xv. 6. Patrick Baker, "Ethnogenesis: The Case of the Dominica Caribs," America Indigena 48 (1988): 388; C. J. M. R. Gullick, Myths of a Minority (Assen Netherlands: Van Gorcum, 1985), 25. Robert Myers has recently published two useful bibliographical works concerning the Island Caribs and the island of Dominica: Amerindians of the Lesser Antilles: A Bibliography (New Haven: Human Resources Area File, 1981); and A Resource Guide to Dominica, 1493-1986, 3 vols. (New Haven: Human Resources Area File, 1987). See also Louis Allaire, "On the Historicity of Carib Migrations in the Lesser Antilles," American Antiquity 45 (1981): 240-42; "A Reconstruction of Early Historical Island Carib Pottery," Southeastern Archaeology 3 (1985): 121-337 . Douglas Taylor, "Diachronic Note on the Carib Contribution to Island Carib," InternationalJournal of American Linguistics 20 (1954): 28-33; Douglas Taylor and B. J. Hoff, "The LinguisticRepertoryof the Island Carib in the Seventeenth Century: The Men's Language,a Carib Pidgin?" InternationalJournal of American Linguistics 46 (1980): 301—12. 8. Taylor, "Diachronic Note," 28;Mary Helms, "The Indians of the Carib135 136 NOTES TO PAGES 2-4 bean and Circum-Caribbean at the End of the Fifteenth Century," in The Cambridge History of Latin America, vol. i, Colonial LatinAmerica, ed. Leslie Bethell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 37-59. 9. See especiallyJalil Sued Badillo's influential Los Caribes: Realidad o Fabula: Ensayo de Rectificacion Historica (Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico: Editorial Antillana , 1978). He gives useful references to earlier critics of the traditionally hostile perceptions of Island Caribs; see 3. 10. Allaire, "On the Historicity of Carib Migrations," 238-39; "A Reconstruction of Island Carib Pottery," 121-38. He studies these issues at greater length in his 1977 Yale dissertation, "Later Prehistory in Martinique and the Island Caribs: Problems in Ethnic Identification." For a more detailed account of the various "origins" tales, see Gullick, Myths of a Minority, 25-37. With Sued Badillo, Gullick says that there is not enough archaeological evidence to verify these Carib traditions and indeed that it is possible "Caribs" were in fact Arawaks. Seealso Gullick's "Island Carib Traditions about Their Arrival in the Lesser Antilles," Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress for the Study of Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles, ed. Ripley P. Bullen (Tempe: Arizona State University Press, 1980), 464-72. 11. Father Raymond Breton's manuscript writings, a crucial source for the traditional account of Carib origins, were edited byJoseph Rennard asLes Carai'bes. La Guadeloupe . . . d'apres les Relations du R. P. Breton (Paris: G. Picker, 1929). Breton admitted that Caribs on other islands had differing traditions. 12. Allaire, "On the Historicity of Carib Migrations"; "A Reconstruction of Island Carib Pottery," 138; "Understanding Suazey" (forthcoming), Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology. Allaire convincingly rejects the thesis ofJalil Sued Badillo that there were no ethnic differences between the Island Caribs and the Tamo and that these distinctions were a pure European fabrication to enslave Amerindians ; Allaire, "Some Comments on the Ethnic Identity of the Taino Carib Frontier," in Ethnicity andCulture, ed. Reginald Auger et al. (Calgary : University of Calgary Press, 1987), 127. 13. Gullick, Myths of a Minority, 25-38; "Island Carib Traditions," 464-72. The anonymous author of the manuscript published by Jean Pierre Moreau , Un Flibustier frangais dans la mer des Antilles, 1618-1620 (Paris: Seghers, 1990), relatesthat Martiniquan Caribs claimed they were descendants of people chased from Peru, a generic term for mainland South...