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Adams, John, 40 agriculture: American, 91, 100, 103; Japanese, 24–25, 31, 60, 61. See also farmers; rural population Altmeyer, Arthur J., 45, 75, 83, 86, 109, 120, 124, 152n78 American Association for Labor Legislation (AALL), 43–44, 45, 144n68, 144n75 American Civil War, 41 American Federation of Labor (AFL), 83 American Hospital Association (AHA), 38, 112, 114, 143n35 American League for Public Medicine, 142n16 American Legion, 92–93, 111–12 American Medical Association (AMA): and American Association for Labor Legislation, 43–44; autonomy of, 77; and Blue Cross, 38; and Blue Shield, 39; Bureau of Legal Medicine and Legislation, 45; and cash indemnity principle, 81; Committee on Social Insurance, 44; and compulsory contribution plans, 44; and contract medicine, 36; Council on Medical Education, 35; creation of, 34; and Davis, 40; development of, 32–35; diminished wartime power of, 49, 73, 78, 87; and doctors’ autonomy to set fees, 40; and Emergency Maternity and Infant Care Program, 114; and Falk, 40; and farm workers, 100; goals of, 17–18; and group practices, 37, 38; and infants, 44; and Japanese Medical Association, 126; Judicial Council of, 36, 44; and medical associations, 110; and medical cooperatives, 38; and midterm election of 1950, 110; and mothers, 44; and National Health Bill, 46, 47; National Physicians Committee, 108; and national plans, 45, 82, 94, 108; political power of, 35; postwar influence of, 110–11, 134; and postwar Japan, 123, 124, 125–26, 127, 130; and private plans, 7–8, 37, 38, 40, 81–82, 102–3, 109, 110, 111; and private practices, 111; and Public Health Service, 87; and public plans, 5, 40, 44, 99, 109; and Roosevelt, Franklin D., 82; and rural area programs, 80; and Selective Service System, 87; and Shearon, 162n60; and Sheppard-Towner Act, 44; and Social Security, 45, 87; and Truman, 105, 111, 114; and universal plans, 8, 92, 99, 103, 109, 110, 111; and VA health care, 103, 109, 111, 112, 113; and veterans, 45, 80; and Wagner-Murray-Dingell bill, 89, 108, 123, 124; and war mobilization, 77, 78; and war planning, 83; and wartime public programs, 80; and workers, 46; and WWI, 44 American Medical Association v. United States, 38 American Revolution, 6 Anton, Leonard, 120 Appley, Lawrence A., 90–91 Association-Managed Health Insurance (AMHI), 30 Azai Kokkan, 22 Baylor University Hospital, 38 Beveridge, William, 125 Beveridge Plan, 87–88, 122, 125 Bismarck, Otto von, 27 Blue Cross, 38–40, 81 Blue Shield, 39–40, 81, 82, 110 Bonus March, 92, 117 Boshin War, 26, 140n27 Bow, Frank T., 124 Boxer Rebellion, 41 Brown, Perry, 112 Index 180 index costs: in Japan, 3, 24, 25, 30, 122; in U.S., 3, 36, 38, 39 coverage, American: expansion of, 13, 14; and medical cooperatives, 47; and Obama, x–xi; prewar, 1, 17; universal program, 72. See also compulsory plans: American; prepaid plans, American; private plans, American; public plans, American; universal plans, American coverage, Japanese, 66, 68, 71, 115; expansion of, 13, 14, 68–70; under Health Insurance Law, 31; near universal, 78; prewar, 1, 17, 24–31. See also compulsory plans: Japanese; private plans, Japanese; public plans, Japanese; universal plans, Japanese Davis, Burnet M., 77, 120 Davis, Michael M., 40, 82, 86, 94, 110, 120, 152n78 Davis, Nathan Smith, 34, 35 democracy, 123, 126, 127 Democratic Party, 106, 109 dentists, American, 37 Diet, 4, 5, 127. See also Imperial Diet Dingell, John, 88 disability: in Japan, 27, 28, 30; in U.S., 2. See also veterans, American disease, in Japan, 26, 59, 65, 116 doctors,American, 81;andAmerican Association for Labor Legislation plan, 43; autonomy of,36;andBlue Cross,38;andBlueShield,39; choice of, 79; competition among,33,35; and contractpractice, 36;fees for,18,33,36, 39, 40, 46,102; and group plans,86; patients’ choice of,18,37, 39; and policyprocess, 5; and prepayment plans, 39; inruralareas,46–47; and SocialSecurityMission to Japan, 124; and Wagner-Murray-Dingell bill, 104; and war mobilization, 77–78; and workers’compensation ,43;andWWI,44; and WWII,49 doctors, Dutch, 139n2 doctors,Japanese,21,148n57;andactualexpense clinics,25;conscriptionof,67;feesfor,x,18,20, 22–23,25,29,30,69,70,119;governmental controlover,65;andHealthInsuranceLaw,26, 30,141n44;andhospitalownership,148n60; licensingof,21;andmedicalcooperatives,25; andMinistryofHealthandWelfare,58;and NationalMedicalCareLaw,67;andNHI Bulwer-Lytton, Victor, 54 businesses/firms: American, 81; Japanese, 2, 24, 30–31. See also employers Byrnes, James, 77 Cabot, Hugh, 86 California Medical Association, 110 Canada, 4 Chicago Medical Association, 36 Chicago Medical College, 34...

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