Psychedelic Psychiatry: LSD from Clinic to Campus

Notes

n o t e s Introduction 1. Hoffer, “Humphry Osmond Obituary,” Saskatchewan Archives Board (hereafter SAB), A207, Hoffer, XVIII, Hoffer-Osmond Correspondence, 1951–92, 1.a., 12 October –31 December 1951, Humphry Osmond to Abram Hoffer, 29 May 1953. 2. Huxley, Doors of Perception, 17; SAB, A207, Hoffer, XVIII, Hoffer-Osmond Correspondence , 1951–92, 20.a., Hoffer-Osmond Correspondence, 1 September–31 December 1965. 3. SAB, A207, Hoffer XVIII, Hoffer-Osmond Correspondence, 1951–92, 20.a., 1 September –31 December 1965. Osmond recalled this exchange in Osmond to Dr. Harriet Mann, re: The Psychedelic Experience, 12 October 1965. This rhyme has been cited elsewhere as “to fathom Hell,” but in the correspondence, Osmond wrote “to fall in Hell.” 4. SAB, A207, Hoffer XVIII, Hoffer-Osmond Correspondence, 1951–92, 20.a., 1 September–31 December 1965. 5. Ibid. See also SAB, A207, XVIII, Hoffer-Osmond Correspondence, 1951–92, 3.a., Humphry Osmond to Abram Hoffer, 5 April 1956. In this letter Osmond revealed his intention to create a specific word for the LSD or mescaline experience; he preferred psychodelic or psychedelic. He considered psychorhexic but feared it sounded too much like one of Adolf Meyer’s words for the “phrenias,” and he wanted to avoid any connotation of illness. 6. Osmond, “A Review of the Clinical Effects of Psychotomimetic Agents,” 418–34. 7. A hallucination is the effect of perceiving something that is not there or not perceiving something that is, in fact, there. Delusions are fixed false beliefs that are incongruent with cultural norms. 8. Marks, The Search for the “Manchurian Candidate.” For example, the CIA grew concerned that the Soviet military would terrorize Americans by putting LSD in the water supplies. The CIA attempted to train personnel who could operate under these conditions . 9. Weinstein, A Father, a Son, and the CIA, 278. 146 Notes to Pages 4–14 10. The experiments amounted to a kind of brainwashing; Cameron, “Psychic Driving ,” 502–9. A number of newspaper articles covered the Orlikow case. For example, “‘Pile of Money’ Could Be Made over CIA Brainwashing Suit,” Times-Colonist, 10 June 1982, 22; Anne Beirne, “The Ghost of the Godfather,” Maclean’s (1982), 32; “MP’s Wife and Hospital Settle Suit,” Globe and Mail, 14 May 1981, 3; “Five Suing US over CIA Drug Test,” Globe and Mail, 18 December 1980, 13; “Treatment of MP’s Wife Akin to Torture,” Globe and Mail, 5 May 1981, 10; “Methods to Crack Spies Inflicted on MP’s Wife, Psychiatrist Tells Court,” Globe and Mail, 6 May 1981, 9; “LSD Guinea Pig Relives a Nightmare ,” Toronto Sun, 6 May 1981; and “MP’s Wife Can Sue over ‘Experiments’,” Colonist, 17 November 1979, 39. 11. See Leary, Metzner, and Alpert, The Psychedelic Experience. 12. For literature on these histories see David Courtwright, Forces of Habit; Carstairs, Jailed for Possession; Martel, Not This Time; and Spillane, Cocaine. 13. Catherine Carstairs illustrates this point in “The Drug Panic of the 1920s and the Drive for Chinese Exclusion,” where she argues that drug policies revealed strong anti-Chinese sentiments (Carstairs, Jailed for Possession, 16–34). 14. For example, see Angell, The Truth about the Drug Companies. For a history of psychopharmacology see Healy, Creation of Psychopharmacology. 15. For information on this history, see Acker, Creating the American Junkie, and Tracy, Alcoholism in America. 16. Shorter, A History of Psychiatry, 246–72; Healy, Anti-Depressant Era, 1; Szasz, Ceremonial Chemistry, 139. 17. See also Healy, Creation of Psychopharmacology. 18. For the remainder of this book, I will no longer refer to normals in quotation marks. The term is problematic and difficult to define, but it was the historical term used specifically in reference to nonpatients. The term was regularly used in the reports of the clinical trials to refer to volunteer subjects who formed part of the nonpatient group. Generally the term does not extend to medical professionals who were also subjects in the trials, whose experiences rarely (if ever) figure into the statistical reports. For further discussion of the trials and selection criteria see chapter 2. 19. Crockford, “Dr. Yes,” and Crockford, “B.C.’s Acid Flashback.” One • Psychedelic Pioneers 1. Stevens, Storming Heaven, 4–5; Brecher, Licit and Illicit Drugs, 346–47; and Hofmann , LSD. 2. Hofmann, “Partialsynthese von Alkaloiden vom Typus des Ergobasins,” 944–65; see also Hofmann, “Discovery,” 1. 3. Tom Ban quoted in Tansey, “‘They Used to Call It Psychiatry,’” 79; Healy, Creation of Psychopharmacology, 77–78. 4. Healy, Anti...