-
Chekhov’s Style in Light of General Systems Thinking: The Steppe as a Positional Masterpiece
- Slavica Publishers
- Chapter
- Additional Information
Chekhov for the 21st Century. Carol Apollonio and Angela Brintlinger, eds. Bloomington, IN: Slavica Publishers, 2012, 223–44. Chekhov’s Style in Light of General Systems Thinking: The Steppe as a Positional Masterpiece Vera Zubarev Chekhov on the Advantages of General Systems Thinking Chekhov’s mind was truly analytical. When he discussed questions related to scientific thinking with his colleagues and friends, he was ahead of his time. Talking about Chekhov and Nabokov, Jerome H. Katsell emphasizes their “deep attachment to biological science and its methodologies, including close analysis and keen attention to detail.”1 It was the search for methodologies common to art and science that always interested Chekhov. As a scientist he believed in a common core inherent in utterly different systems. Such a view may not strike a modern systems thinker as original. And yet the theory that made this view legitimate was not introduced until almost a century after Chekhov insisted on its same methodological principles in his private corres-‐‑ pondence. In 1888 Chekhov shared with Suvorin some thoughts regarding general laws governing different systems: One who masters the scientific method knows intuitively that a musi-‐‑ cal piece and a tree have something in common and that the former and the latter are created based on the same equally correct and sim-‐‑ ple laws. Hence the question arises: what kind of laws are they?2 In 1968, almost a century later, the father of General Systems Thinking (GST), Ludwig von Bertalanffy, coincidentally a biologist, published his book General System Theory, in which he wrote the following: [T]here exist models, principles, and laws that apply to generalized systems or their subclasses, irrespective of their particular kind, the nature of their component elements, and the relations or “forces” 1 See Jerome H. Katsell, “Nabokov’s Debt to Chekhov’s Art of Memory,” p. 108 in this volume. 2 “Кто владеет научным методом, тот чует душой, что у музыкальной пьесы и у дерева есть нечто общее, что то и другое создаются по одинаково правильным, простым законам. Отсюда вопрос: какие же это законы?” (Letters 3: 53–54). All translations mine unless otherwise noted.—V.Z. 224 VERA ZUBAREV between them. […] There are correspondences in the principles that govern the behavior of entities that are, intrinsically, widely different.3 Setting directions for the new methodology, Bertalanffy marked reduc-‐‑ tionism as negative and a holistic approach or expansionism as beneficial for systems thinking. The main idea of holism was that the whole was larger than the sum of its constituent parts. “The meaning of the somewhat mystical ex-‐‑ pression, ‘The whole is more than the sum of its parts’ is simply that constitu-‐‑ tive characteristics are not explainable from the characteristics of the isolated parts. The characteristics of the complex, therefore, appear as ‘new’ or ‘emer-‐‑ gent’ […].”4 And here is what Chekhov wrote a century earlier about the negative effect of reductionism on scientific thinking: Thinking scientifically is always beneficial; the bad thing, however, is that when scientific thinking is applied to the creative process it’s somehow reduced to the hunt for little “cells” or “centers” which manage one’s creativity; then some diehard German will discover those cells somewhere in the temporal lobe of the brain; another one will disagree with him, a third German will agree, and a Russian will scan through the article about the little cells and throw in an essay in The Northern Herald, The European Herald will analyze that essay, and there will be an epidemic of absurdity in the Russian air, which will last three years or so, giving income and popularity to dolts and vex-‐‑ ing intelligent people a great deal.5 These outrageously humorous and politically very incorrect remarks were a warning to those critics and scholars who lacked a holistic vision and mindlessly dissected the “organism”—the system—into isolated elements, 3 Ludwig von Bertalanffy, General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applica-‐‑ tions, rev. ed. (New York: George Braziller, 1976), 32. Von Bertalanffy was born in 1901 and died in 1972. 4 Ibid., 54–55. 5 “Научно мыслить везде хорошо, но беда в том, что научное мышление о твор-‐‑ чеcтве в конце концов волей-‐‑неволей будет сведено на погоню за ‘клеточками,’ или ‘центрами,’ заведующими творческой способностью, а потом какой-‐‑нибудь тупой немец откроет эти клеточки где-‐‑нибудь в височной доле мозга, другой не согласится с ним, третий немец согласится, а русский пробежит статью о клеточ-‐‑ ках и закатит реферат в ‘Сев[epном] вестн[ике],’ ‘Вестник Европы’ начнет разби-‐‑ рать этот реферат, и в русском воздухе года три будет висеть вздорное поветрие, которое даст тупицам заработок и популярность, а в умных людях поселит одно только раздражение” (Letters 3: 54). [18.218.254.122] Project MUSE (2024-04-25 06:48 GMT) CHEKHOV’S STYLE IN LIGHT OF GENERAL SYSTEMS THINKING 225 thus ruining the whole. The scientific method, to Chekhov, was equal to hol-‐‑ ism. Such a view was rather uncommon since the scientific method had been associated exclusively with an analytical approach that entailed breaking the system down into single elements with their subsequent analysis. Only a cen-‐‑ tury later was a different approach offered by systems thinkers whose main focus was on holism. The appearance of the new approach signified a new era of thinking. The two approaches were...