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11 Lindsay Prior, “The Architecture of the Hospital: A Study of Spatial Organization and Medical Knowledge,” British Journal of Sociology 39 (1988): 86–113. 12 Robson claimed in a letter dated April 20, 1895 to Chipman, in the possession of the RVH, that 30 beds were intended, “but we have had 32 on account of the pressure.” 13 Undated specs for hot water heating apparatus, in the possession of the RVH, call for radiators to be covered by a Tennessee marble slab 1.5 inches thick. 14 There are also two photographs of Ward N in use as the Children’s ward (after 1919), one showing patients and nurses in the McGill University Archives (PR023775) and one of the empty ward in the possession of the RVH. 15 Lewis, Royal Victoria Hospital, 182. 16 See note 2. 17 Deborah Dwork, “Childhood,” in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine vol. 2 (London: Routledge, 1993), 1074. 18 Royal Victoria Hospital Annual Report 1 (1894), 8. 19 Kelly Crossman, Architecture in Transition: From Art to Practice, 1885–1906 (Montreal : McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1987), 12. 20 This resemblance is noted by Noah Schiff in “‘The Sweetest of All Charities’: The Toronto Hospital for Sick Children’s Medical and Public Appeal, 1875–1905” (master’s thesis, University of Toronto, 1999). 21 Charles West founded the hospital in a house. The 120-bed facility designed by E. M. Barry was erected in 1872–77 on the same site. See Harriet Richardson, ed., English Hospitals 1660–1948 (Swindon: Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England, 1998), 110–11. On the origins of children’s hospitals in Britain, see Elizabeth M. R. Lomax, Small and Special: The Development of Hospitals for Children in Victorian Britain (London: Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, 1996). 22 See Jacalyn Duffin, History of Medicine: A Scandalously Short Introduction (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999), 317. Janet Golden claims that the first permanent pediatric facility in the United States was the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia in 1855, in Janet Golden, ed., Infant Asylums and Children’s Hospitals : Medical Dilemmas and Developments 1850–1920; An Anthology of Sources (New York: Garland, 1989), n.p. 23 David Charles Sloane, “Caring for the Children: The Emergence of the Modern Children’s Hospital, 1890–1930” (unpublished paper, 2000), 18. 24 For a discussion of domestic ideology as an expression of an overtly feminist material culture, see Annmarie Adams, Architecture in the Family Way: Doctors, Houses, and Women, 1870–1900 (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1996), 158–60. On the architecture of settlement houses, see Deborah Weiner, Architecture and Social Reform in Late-Victorian London (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994). 25 Planners were preoccupied with this rapid increase in health care facilities. Surgeon Albert J. Ochsner and architect Meyer J. Sturm reported in their book The Organization, Construction and Management of Hospitals (Chicago: Cleveland Press, 1907), 19, that in Prussia alone the number of hospitals almost tripled between 1876 (1,502) and 1900 (3,900). 26 Schiff has also noted the strategic location of the first-floor board room, which permitted a view of the entry from the room, while those in the board room remained invisible from the entry; see Schiff, “Sweetest of All Charities,” 122. The plans were published in The Hospital for Sick Children, College Street, Toronto: The Lakeside Home for Little Children; History of These Institutions n.a, n.p. (Toronto, 1891), 63, 68, 74. 472 ANNMARIE ADAMS AND DAVID THEODORE 27 See Edward Seidler, “An Historical Survey of Children’s Hospitals,” in The Hospital in History, ed. Lindsay Granshaw and Roy Porter (London: Routledge, 1989), 181–97. 28 See Charles Butler, “Planning of Children’s Hospitals,” Brickbuilder 19 (August 1910), 180. 29 Henry Dwight Chapin, “Are Institutions for Infants Necessary?” Journal of the American Medical Association 64, 2 (January 1915): 1–3, reprinted in Golden, ed., Infant Asylums and Children’s Hospitals, 175–77. 30 Edward Fletcher Stevens, The American Hospital of the Twentieth Century, 3rd ed. (New York: Dodge, 1928), 210. 31 Stevens’s description of the Pasteur Institute is included in Edward F. Stevens, “The Contagious Hospital,” Brickbuilder 17 (September 1908): 183–84. See also Edward F. Stevens, “Admitting Department of Buffalo Children’s Hospital,” Modern Hospital 14 (April 1929): 346, which may be the only article he wrote on children’s hospitals. For a general description of the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, see Max Braithwaite, Sick Kids: The Story of the...

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