Notes
Preface 1 The term “Boer” will be used to refer generally to nineteenth-century white settlers who spoke a variant of the Dutch language and were the descendants of Dutch, German and French people who had come to the Cape from the late 1600s. The term “Boer” is not derogatory, but simply means farmer in Dutch. The term “trekboer ,” literally meaning “pulling farmers” or farmers who moved east out of the Cape Colony, usually refers to the 1700s and is not appropriate for the early to mid-1800s, when colonial borders became more rigidly defined. “Voortrekkers” will not be used, as it is meant specifically for those “Boers” who left the Cape in the late 1830s on what has become called the “Great Trek.” The term “Voortrekker” was not used at the time and is a creation of twentieth-century Afrikaner nationalism. The terms “Afrikaner” and “Afrikaans” will not be used because they also did not exist in the subject period and were developed later to emphasize the length of time that descendants of Dutch settlers had lived in Africa: in other words, to claim that they were in fact “Africans” with the same ties to the land as indigenous people. When I refer specifically to those Boers who left the Cape in the late 1830s I will use the term “trekker.” Introduction 1 Margaret H. Lister (ed.), The Journals of Andrew Geddes Bain (Cape Town: Van Riebeeck Society, 1949), p. 105. 2 P. R. Kirby (ed.), Andrew Smith and Natal (Cape Town: Van Riebeeck Society, 1955), p. 108. 3 Allen F. Gardiner, Narrative of a Journey to the Zoolu Country (London: William Crofts, 1836), p. 14. 4 C. Brownlee, Reminiscences of Kaffir Life and History (Lovedale: Lovedale Press, 1896), p. 115. See also G. Theal, History of South Africa, vol. 10 (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1919), pp. 173-77. 5 Victor Poto Ndamase, AmaMpondo: Ibali ne Ntlalo (Lovedale: Lovedale Press, n.d.). 6 J.H. Soga, The South-Eastern Bantu (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1930), p. 308. 7 Ibid. 8 D.G.L. Cragg, “Faku,” in W.J. de Kock (ed.), Dictionary of South African Biography, vol. 1 (Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council, 1968), pp. 284-85. See also Notes 173 174 / Faku: Rulership and Colonialism in the Mpondo Kingdom D.G.L. Cragg, “The Relations of the AmaMpondo and the Colonial Authorities 1830-1886, with Special Reference to the Role of Wesleyan Missionaries,” D.Phil. thesis, Oxford, 1959. Dora Taylor (a.k.a. N. Majeke), The Role of Missionaries in Conquest (Johannesburg: Society of Young Africa, 1952). 9 J.D. Omer-Cooper, The Zulu Aftermath (London: Longman, 1966), p. 158. 10 Ibid., p. 163. 11 W. Beinart, The Political Economy of Pondoland, 1860-1930 (Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1982), p. 11. 12 Interview with Lombekiso Masobhuza Sigcau (nee Dlamini), 14 July 1997, Qawukeni Great Place, Lusikisiki. 13 Julian Cobbing, “The Mfecane as Alibi: Thoughts on the Battles of Dithakong and Mbolompo,” Journal of African History 29, 3 (1988): 487-519. For criticism of Cobbing see C. Hamilton (ed.), The Mfecane Aftermath (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1995). 14 For more on H.F. Fynn and his writing see J. Pridmore, “The Production of H.F. Fynn, c.1830-1930,” in D.R. Edgecombe, J. Laband and S. Thompson (eds.), The Debate on Zulu Origins (Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 1992); and D. Wylie, “Proprietor of Natal: Henry Francis Fynn and the Mythography of Shaka,” History in Africa 22 (1995): 408-37. 15 For more on the James Stuart Archive see J. Cobbing, “A Tainted Well: The Objectives, Historical Fantasies and Working Methods of James Stuart, with Counter-Argument,” Journal of Natal and Zulu History 11 (1988): 115-54; J. Wright, “Making the James Stuart Archive,” History in Africa 23 (1996): 333-50. 16 For these traditions see interviews quoted in subsequent chapters. Chapter 1 1 Soga, South-Eastern Bantu, pp. 300-301; for the Grosvenor see Andrew Steedman, Wanderings and Adventures in the Interior of Southern Africa, vol. 2 (London: Longman, 1835), p. 256; for Faku’s mother see Ndamase, AmaMpondo, p. 141. 2 Ndamase, AmaMpondo, p. 141. 3 Kevin Shillington, History of Africa (London: MacMillan, 1995), pp. 223-25. 4 Soga, South-Eastern Bantu, p. 305. 5 Ndamase, AmaMpondo, p. 6. 6 Ibid. 7 Interview with Mr. Merriman Mawethu Laqwela, 15 July 1997, Gemvale, Lusikisiki. 8 Ndamase, AmaMpondo, pp. 17-21. In his list of the wives of various Mpondo kings, Ndamase places Mamgcambe as the great wife...
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