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116 Notes Chapter 1 1 Elizabeth Silverthorne, Ashbel Smith of Texas (College Station:Texas A&M University Press, 1982), 218. 2 Chester R. Burns, “Health and Medicine,”The Handbook of Texas Online, [Accessed May 27, 2010]; James H. Cassedy, Medicine in America:A Short History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), 89; Ralph Edwards, “Health and Medical Care at the Time of the American Centennial,” Journal of School Health 66 (February 1976): 77–78. 3 Burns,“Health and Medicine,” The Handbook ofTexas Online. 4 Cassedy, Medicine in America, 29, 42; David McCullough, The Greater Journey:Americans in Paris (New York; Simon & Schuster, 2011), 105–106; Silverthorne, Ashbel Smith of Texas, 23–24. 5 Kenneth Ludmerer, Learning to Heal: The Development of American Medical Education (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 38. 6 Edwards,“Health and Medical Care at the Time of the American Centennial,” 78–79. 7 Susan Reverby, Ordered to Care:The Dilemma of American Nursing, 1850–1900 (Cambridge , UK: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 22. 8 Heather Green Campbell,“A Note on the First Nursing School in Texas and its Role in the Nineteenth Century American Experience,” The Houston Review 19,No.1 (1997):51. 9 Larry Wygant, “Medicine and Public Health in Galveston,Texas:The First Century” (Ph.D. diss., University of Texas Medical Branch, 1992), 203–204. 10 Galveston News, July 3, 1855. 11 Larry Wygant, “A Sickly City: Health and Disease in Antebellum Galveston,Texas,” Houston Review 19, No. 1 (1997) 27. 12 Wygant,“A Sickly City,” 29. 13 Wygant,“A Sickly City,” 28. 14 Andrew Forest Muir (ed.),Texas in 1837:AnAnonymous Contemporary Narrative (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1958), 132. 15 Heather Green Campbell,“TheYellow Pestilence:A Comparative Study of the 1853 Yellow Fever Epidemic in New Orleans and the Galveston,Texas Scourge of 1867,” East Texas Historical Journal 37 (January 1999): 5. 16 Wygant,“Medicine and Public Health in Galveston,” 28–30. 17 Ashbel Smith, Yellow Fever in Galveston, Republic of Texas, 1839 (reprint, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1951), 42; Campbell,“TheYellow Pestilence,” 5–6;Wygant,“A Sickly City,” 29–31; Silverthorne, Ashbel Smith ofTexas, 60–62. 18 Lucy P. Shaw to Jane N. Weston, Dec. 3, 1839, Lucy P. Shaw Papers, MS 24-0043 117 old red (Galveston and Texas History Center, Rosenberg Library, Galveston,Texas; cited hereafter as GTHC). 19 Wygant,“A Sickly City,” 32–34. 20 Charles Hooten,St.Louis Isle,orTexiana:With Additional Observations Made in the United States and in Canada (London: Simmonds & Ward, 1847), 38. 21 Wygant,“Medicine and Public Health in Galveston,Texas,” 145. 22 Sister Mary Loyola Hegarty, Serving with Gladness:The Origin and History of the Congregation of the Sisters of Charity of the IncarnateWord (Houston:Bruce Publishing Co.,1967),200. 23 Elizabeth Silverthorne and Geneva Fulgham,Women Pioneers inTexas Medicine (College Station:Texas A&M University Press, 1997), 48–51. 24 RalphW.Jones,“The First Roots of the University ofTexas Medical Branch at Galveston ,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 65 (April 1962): 465–66; The University ofTexas Medical Branch at Galveston:A Seventy-FiveYear History by the Faculty and Staff (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1967; cited hereafter as Seventy-FiveYear History), 5–6. Many antebellum physicians in the South were advocates of “states’ rights,” not only in terms of slavery, but also medical therapeutics. Southern physicians contended that geographic differences made the South so distinctive that medical practice, as taught in northern medical schools, was virtually useless in the treatment of “Southern diseases.” John Harley Warner, “The Idea of Southern Medical Distinctiveness: Medical Knowledge and Practice in the Old South,” in Judith Walzer Leavitt and Ronald L. Numbers (eds.), Sickness and Health in America (2nd ed.; Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985), 53–70. 25 Gary Cartwright, Galveston: A History of the Island (Fort Worth: TCU Press, 1991), 119–120;T.R.Fehrenbach,Lone Star:A History ofTexas andTexans (NewYork:Collier Books, 1986), 601;Tom Hunter, The House of Honored Men,A Story ofThree Prominent Galvestonians, The City They Called Home, and The Bishop’s Palace (Galveston:The Bishop’s Palace, 1998), 55–57. 26 The Galveston City Directory for 1875–1876 lists fifty-two physicians. 27 Chester R. Burns, Saving Lives,Training Caregivers, Making Discoveries:A Centennial History of the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (Austin:Texas State Historical Association , 2003), 10–11. 28 Inci Bowman,“Beginnings of Medical Journalism inTexas,” Texas Medicine 82 (February 1986): 51. 29 Seventy-FiveYear History, 7. 30 James Fannin Young (J. F.Y.) Paine, “Opening Address to the Medical...

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